[33], The belts and zones that divide Jupiter's atmosphere each have their own names and unique characteristics. Les anticyclones de l'atmosphère de Jupiter sont toujours dans des zones où la vitesse des vents augmente de l'équateur vers les pôles[56]. In them, the air is relatively free of clouds and heat can escape from the depths without much absorption. Toutefois les bandes varient en intensité et en coloration dans le temps. C'est une conséquence de l'énergie de condensation de l'eau et de l'abondance de cette dernière par rapport à l'ammoniac et au sulfure d'hydrogène (l'oxygène est plus abondant que l'azote et le soufre)[11]. Ils peuvent se déplacer en longitude mais restent approximativement aux mêmes latitudes puisqu'ils sont incapables d'échapper aux zones[10]. Cependant, cette comparaison ne tient pas compte du point de vue d'où se fait l'observation : le sens de rotation des systèmes terrestres est noté à partir des nuages de la basse de l'atmosphère alors que la circulation de Jupiter est vue depuis le sommet de celle-ci. Creti's painting is the first known to depict the GRS as red. La Zone tempérée nord nord est peut-être plus facile à voir. Ce dernier composant n'a pas été observé directement mais il se trouverait dans les profondeurs de l'atmosphère. Receive mail from us on behalf of our trusted partners or sponsors? The planet rotates rapidly — once every 9.9 hours — and the rapid spinning causes electrical currents in the metallic hydrogen to generate electricity that powers the planet's magnetic field. As you move higher in the troposphere, the temperature drops, ranging from minus 260 Fahrenheit (minus 160 Celsius) to minus 150 F (minus 100 C). The cyclones have only been observed for a relatively short time from perjoves 1-15 which is approximately 795 days or two years. The rifts expanded, shrinking the remaining segments of the STZ into the white ovals FA, BC, and DE. Recent studies have indicated that the gigantic storm may be shrinking. [15], Jupiter's thermosphere is located at pressures lower than 1 μbar and demonstrates such phenomena as airglow, polar aurorae and X-ray emissions. Au-dessus et en-dessous flottent dépaisses brumes atmosphériques constituées de gouttelettes dhydrocarbures et peut-être dacide sulfhydrique condensé (NH4SH). [55] The production of the jets in this model is related to a well-known property of two dimensional turbulence—the so-called inverse cascade, in which small turbulent structures (vortices) merge to form larger ones. A feature in the South Temperate Belt, Oval BA was first seen in 2000 after the collision of three small white storms, and has intensified since then. On Jupiter, the tropopause is approximately 50 km above the visible clouds (or 1 bar level), where the pressure and temperature are about 0.1 bar and 110 K.[4][17] In the stratosphere, the temperatures rise to about 200 K at the transition into the thermosphere, at an altitude and pressure of around 320 km and 1 μbar. [48] Belts are also occasionally split by a sudden disturbance. Jupiter's atmosphere is one of the key science targets for NASA's Juno mission, which began orbiting the planet in 2016. Its drift rate has changed dramatically over the years and has been linked to the brightness of the South Equatorial Belt, and the presence or absence of a South Tropical Disturbance. [91] The older spots had a short observational history and slower motion than that of the modern spot, which make their identity unlikely. The thermosphere lies on top of the stratosphere. NY 10036. Jupiter connait de puissantes tempêtes, toujours accompagnées d'éclairs. Deep down, the hydrogen changes from a gas to a liquid. Thank you for signing up to Space. Les particules énergétiques venant de la magnétosphère de Jupiter créent des aurores brillantes, qui entourent les pôles. The violent hurricane can be seen from telescopes on Earth. Therefore, convection may occur throughout the planet's outer molecular envelope. The layer resting on the "surface" of Jupiter is known as the troposphere, and extends to approximately 31 miles (50 kilometers) above the surface. D'autres bandes et zones mineures sont occasionnellement observées dans la région[28]. It’s hard to explain what the atmosphere of Jupiter is, since the planet is 90% hydrogen and 10% helium. Like the NTZ, it too is sometimes divided by a narrow band, the NTropB. L'atmosphère contient plusieurs composants simples tel que l'eau, le méthane (CH4), le sulfure d'hydrogène (H2S), l'ammoniac (NH3) et la phosphine (PH3)[1]. Disturbances tend to be minor and short-lived. [23] The vertical motion of Jupiter's atmosphere was largely determined by the identification of trace gases by ground-based telescopes. [23], The first observations of the Jovian atmosphere at higher resolution than possible with Earth-based telescopes were taken by the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft. Les atmosphères majeures sont en romaine (droite) ; La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 7 juin 2020 à 17:26. [30], The atmosphere contains various simple compounds such as water, methane (CH4), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3) and phosphine (PH3). [19] The methane abundance relative to molecular hydrogen in the stratosphere is about 10−4,[15] while the abundance ratio of other light hydrocarbons, like ethane and acetylene, to molecular hydrogen is about 10−6. Les images fastueuses q… The Galileo Probe descended into one of those equatorial spots. There are four “filled” cyclones and four “chaotic” cyclones in the north. Le BTN s'efface approximativement une fois par décennie (ce fut le cas lors de la rencontre de Voyager), faisant que la Zone tempérée nord (ZTN) se mêle apparemment à la Zone tropicale du Nord (ZTropN)[29]. ", "Thermal structure and composition of Jupiter's Great Red Spot from high-resolution thermal imaging", Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, "A comparison of the interiors of Jupiter and Saturn", 10.1175/1520-0469(1969)026<0981:DOJCB>2.0.CO;2, "Observations of Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn at λ20 μ", Journal of the British Astronomical Association, "Jupiter in 1999/2000. [18], Jupiter's troposphere contains a complicated cloud structure. Andrew P. Ingersoll et Bagenal, F.; Dowling, T.E. [c][2] The noble gases argon, krypton and xenon also appear in abundance relative to solar levels (see table), while neon is scarcer. D'autres fois, la ZTN est divisée par une bande étroite en deux éléments nord et sud[29]. [56] Since on the spherical rapidly rotating planet the dispersion relation of the Rossby waves is anisotropic, the Rhines scale in the direction parallel to the equator is larger than in the direction orthogonal to it. [26] The thermosphere was the first place outside the Earth where the trihydrogen cation (H+3) was discovered. [8] The vortices reveal themselves as large red, white or brown spots (ovals). While heat is transported from the equator to the poles mainly via the atmosphere on Earth, on Jupiter deep convection equilibrates heat. Le moteur permettant la circulation profonde est un autre problème. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. [21][23] The latter are made from condensed heavy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or hydrazine, which are generated in the upper stratosphere (1–100 μbar) from methane under the influence of the solar ultraviolet radiation (UV). Disturbance; dramatic darkening; NEB interactions), & NNTB", Jupiter's Red Spot is Likely a Sunburn, Not a Blush, "Gemini Captures Close Encounter of Jupiter's Red Spots", "Diffusion Caused Jupiter's Red Spot Junior To Color Up", "On Jupiter, a Battle of the Red Spots, With the Baby Losing", "Storm Winds Blow in Jupiter's Little Red Spot", "Jupiter's Little Red Spot Growing Stronger", "The collision of the Little Red Spot and Great Red Spot: Part 2", "NASA's Jupiter Mission Reveals the 'Brand-New and Unexpected, "Long-term tracking of circumpolar cyclones on Jupiter from polar observations with JunoCam", "Clusters of cyclones encircling Jupiter's poles", "Coupled Clouds and Chemistry of the Giant Planets — A Case for Multiprobes", "Jupiter's ammonia clouds—localized or ubiquitous? There are two types of bands: lightly colored zones and relatively dark belts. [86][87] Because Jupiter's visible features do not rotate uniformly at all latitudes, astronomers have defined three different systems for defining the longitude. Elle est grande comme trois fois la Terre et existe depuis au moins trois cents ans. Therefore, the planet's molecular hydrogen mantle may be divided into cylinders, each cylinder having a circulation independent of the others. Les vortex se présentent sous la forme de grandes taches rouges, blanches ou marron. Les autres sources d'information sur la composition atmosphérique de Jupiter sont l’Infrared Space Observatory (ISO), les orbiteurs Galileo et Cassini[24], et les observations à partir de la Terre[1]. Formation de l'Ovale BA à partir de trois ovales blancs. Each equatorial spot is associated with a bright cloudy plume located to the west of it and reaching up to 10,000 km in size. Puisque les deux théories ne peuvent tout expliquer, certains scientifiques considèrent que la bonne théorie inclurait des éléments des deux modèles[43]. La Région tempérée sud sud et la région tempérée nord nord sont ainsi difficiles à discerner sans appareils spéciaux[27]. Puisque la limite inférieure de l'atmosphère ne peut être définie, le niveau de pression de 10 bars, à une altitude de −90 km avec une température de 340 K, est considéré communément comme la base de la troposphère[3]. La Bande tempérée nord nord est la bande la plus distincte au nord de la planète, bien qu'elle disparaisse occasionnellement. [103], Oval BA should not be confused with another major storm on Jupiter, the South Tropical Little Red Spot (LRS) (nicknamed "the Baby Red Spot" by NASA[107]), which was destroyed by the GRS. La variation verticale de température dans l'atmosphère jovienne suit le même comportement que l'atmosphère terrestre (cf. [95] A feature in the atmosphere of Neptune was also called the Great Dark Spot. Des données infrarouges ont montré que la GTR est plus froide (et est donc plus en altitude) que les autres nuages de la planète[61]; le sommet des nuages de la GTR se trouvent à environ 8 km au-dessus des nuages environnants. [85] The spot occasionally disappears from the visible spectrum, becoming evident only through the Red Spot Hollow, which is its niche in the South Equatorial Belt (SEB). The meridional extent of them appears to match the actual width of jets. Les mesures effectuées depuis la Terre et les vaisseaux ont permis d'améliorer la connaissance des ratios isotopiques dans l'atmosphère de Jupiter. La haute troposphère est plus froide dans les « zones » et plus chaude dans les « bandes »[5]. It is characterized by anticyclonic white ovals and cyclonic "barges" (also known as "brown ovals"), with the former usually forming farther north than the latter; as in the NTropZ, most of these features are relatively short-lived. L'atmosphère de Jupiter est riche en hydrogène et en hélium ; il y a aussi des traces de mé… [23], The first sighting of the GRS is often credited to Robert Hooke, who described a spot on the planet in May 1664; however, it is likely that Hooke's spot was in the wrong belt altogether (the North Equatorial Belt, versus the current location in the South Equatorial Belt). The electromagnetic storms they generate can be heard by amateur radio operators on Earth, beamed toward us by the plasmas and magnetic field lines. [22] The EZ is an exception to this rule, showing a strong eastward (prograde) jet and has a local minimum of the wind speed exactly at the equator.
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