The antonym "hypogamy"[a] refers to the inverse: marrying a person of lower social class or status (colloquially "marrying down"). But it’s also possible that women, being the ones who bear and nurse the children, will continue to prefer men who earn at least as much as they do. [4] Farmers and other rural workers want their daughters to have access to city life, for with metropolitan connections comes internet access, better job opportunities, and upper-class social circles. The beta male - definition, traits, and personality, How is courting different from regular dating? Does this mean that the partner marrying up is generally a gold digger? Advantages of hypergamy marriage. 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Forms of hypergamy have been practiced throughout history, including in the Indian subcontinent, imperial China, ancient Greece, the Ottoman Empire, and feudal Europe. [3], In rural India, hypergamy is an opportunity to modernize. However, the tendency for women to marry men with higher incomes than themselves still persisted. [17][18][15], Though in a 2016 paper that explored the income difference between couples in 1980 and 2012, researcher Yue Qian noted that the tendency for women to marry men with higher incomes than themselves still persists in the modern era. These realities led many observers to surmise that the gender revolution that began in the mid 20th century would bring about the end of hypergamy. [15] Traditional marriage practices in which men “marry down” in education do not persist for long once women have the educational advantage.[16]. Kay S. Hymowitz is the William E. Simon Fellow at the Manhattan Institute and contributing editor at City Journal. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Cerogamy: It is two or more men get married to two or more women. One reasonable guess is that men’s income advantage is due not to the persistence of hypergamy but rather to the gender wage gap, which sits at about 14% in Sweden. "[13]:51, One study did not find a statistical difference in the number of women or men "marrying-up" in a sample of 1,109 first-time married couples in the United States. hypergamy and hypogamy Send us feedback. To the husband: Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single entry from a reference work in OR for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice). Definition of hypergamy. studies marriage pattern such as hypergamy except for Siow (1998) and Edlund (1999). [10] However, Townsend (1989) surveyed medical students regarding their perception of how the availability of marriage partners changed as their educational careers advanced. With strong son preference, girls are more likely to be born in families with lower status. All Rights Reserved. This type of marriage enables the partner who marries up to raise his or her position in society. Marriages in rural India are increasingly examples of hypergamy. In simple terms, female hypergamy is a woman’s inclination to marry the best man she can find. And that seems like a “Pyrrhic victory” for women and men. From: Also, the idea of a woman finding a man of higher social or economic status to marry was promoted by parents. They … It is a marriage to a partner of higher social status. Which of the following is a fruit named after a Moroccan seaport. On several dimensions, status was consistent with education levels: the partner with higher education (male or female) also had higher occupational prestige and social class. She found that during the intervening decades, though wives became more likely to marry down in terms of educational achievement, “the tendency for women to marry men with higher incomes than themselves persisted.”. According to the World Values Survey, younger men and women are far more likely than their elders to believe that hypogamous unions will not “cause problems.”. Hypergamy is a social science term used to represent the action of marrying a spouse of a superior caste or social status. Hypergamy—the tendency of women to try to marry “up”—was, in part, a natural response to this dependency. Hypergamy (colloquially referred to as "marrying up", occasionally referred to as "higher-gamy"[1]) is a term used in social science for the act or practice of a person marrying a spouse of higher caste or social status than themselves. That data allowed them to create a profile of marriageable men for women with varying racial, economic, and educational levels and compare them to the actual population of unmarried men at national, state, and local area levels. When women work outside the home and share breadwinning duties, couples are more likely to stay together. (Hypergamy does not require the man to be older, only of higher status, and social equals usually refers to social circles rather than economic equality). The opposite of the Anuloma, called the Pratiloma, was not allowed in the ancient Indian society. This type of marriage has benefits for both partners. Hypergamy is the tendency of women to marry and date up the social hierarchy, whereas hypogamy is the exact opposite. Since female children were not allowed to work, parents wanted their daughters to marry a man who would take care of their daughters and extend the goodwill to them too. Hypogamy would be if women only wanted to date down (men who are lower status than them). Marriages in rural India are increasingly examples of hypergamy. Up until the mid-20th century, married men typically had more education than their wives. Marriage customs in which the partners are of different social statuses (see anisogamy). (Hypergamy does not require the man to be older, only of higher status, and social equals usually refers to social circles rather than economic equality). I do not consider myself a gold digger. Both terms were coined in the Indian subcontinent in the 19th century while translating classical Hindu law books, which used the Sanskrit terms anuloma and pratiloma, respectively, for the two concepts. This type of marriage has benefits for both partners. Couples with similar education levels, and those with a more highly-educated male partner, actually had more equal incomes than would be predicted if couples were matched randomly. [14], Another study has shown that in the UK, hypergamy has decreased significantly since the 1950s. These realities led many observers to surmise that the gender revolution that began in the mid 20th century would bring about the end of hypergamy. What do you think of hypergamy? It is the male version of female hypergamy. As in Qian’s study, highly-educated women appear to have an especially strong preference for men who out-earn them. It is becoming less common for women to marry older men. Furthermore, a lot of men like the idea of power and control which often influences their marriage choice. For the 21st century woman, wealth is not the only thing she considers when choosing her male partner. What made you want to look up hypergamy? It made sense. Some research supports that theory,[9] including a 2012 analysis of a survey of 8,953 people in 37 countries, which found that the more gender-equal a country, the likelier male and female respondents were to report seeking the same qualities as each other rather than different ones. Eighty-five percent of the women indicated that "As my status increases, my pool of acceptable partners decreases." [2], The term hypergyny is used to describe the overall practise of women marrying up, since the men would be marrying down. These realities led many observers to surmise that the gender revolution that began in the mid 20th century would bring about the end of hypergamy. The opposite of the Anuloma, called the Pratiloma, was not allowed in the ancient Indian society. "[13]:51, One study did not find a statistical difference in the number of women or men "marrying-up" in a sample of 1,109 first-time married couples in the United States. Leadership. Dictionary of the Social Sciences », Subjects: How can you define hypergamous? Both terms were coined in the Indian subcontinent in the 19th century while translating classical Hindu law books, which used the Sanskrit terms anuloma and pratiloma, respectively, for the two concepts. [8] Evolutionary psychologists contend this is an inherent sex difference arising out of sexual selection, with men driven to seek women who will give birth to healthy babies and women driven to seek men who will be able to provide the necessary resources for the family's survival. They now have more education than men. [5] A connection in an urban area creates a broader social horizon for the bride's family, and young children in the family can be sent to live with the couple in the city for better schooling. Hypergamy cannot be likened to gold-digging because there is a mutual benefit for both partners. [6] The high price that has to be borne by parents to arrange a suitable marriage for a daughter has led to increasing rates of abortion of female fetuses.[7]. Here, contemporary mating does take on more nuance. She found that during the intervening decades, though wives became more likely to marry down in terms of educational achievement, “the tendency for women to marry men with higher incomes than themselves persisted.” In fact, women with the same or more education than their husbands were more likely to marry up. The results? This message may be routed through support staff. It was once a truth universally acknowledged that a single woman would be in want of a prosperous husband. 'Nip it in the butt' or 'Nip it in the bud'? Twenty-first century women have been able to successfully prepare themselves to be their own man, as it were. It seems that the highly-credentialed alpha female still prefers a mate above her pay grade. PRINTED FROM OXFORD REFERENCE (www.oxfordreference.com). In hypergamy, the woman is typically of lower social status than the man; hypogamy is the opposite. A key consequence of the trade-off faced by women is that marriage markets will naturally tend to be hypergamous – that is, a marriage is more likely to be beneficial to both parties relative to remaining single, the greater the man’s human capital, and the lower the woman’s human capital. Here are other attributes she looks for: Many social observers believed that the gender revolution that began in the mid 20th century would bring about the complete end of hypergamy. Delivered to your inbox! [3], In rural India, hypergamy is an opportunity to modernize. The groups with the lowest proportion of “marriageable men” are the ones whose fertility rates have declined the most. Almost all through much of human history, husbands determine families' economic and social status. “Hypergamy.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hypergamy.
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