The aging of the scatterometer antenna bearings is the highest mission risk. Participants in the QuikSCAT program include the US National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), a branch of the National Weather Service (NWS), Washington DC, and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Reading, UK. Legend to Figures 4 and 5: Gray and black indicate buildings, with the tallest and largest buildings in the city's commercial core appearing lighter gray. Click here The NASA/GSFC contract to Ball was awarded under its new Rapid Spacecraft Acquisition (RSA) procurement program. The antenna is conically scanned such that each point on the Earth within the inner 700 km of the swath is viewed from four different azimuth directions (twice by the inner beam looking forward then aft and twice by the outer beam in a similar fashion). generally implies increased small scale (~2-5cm) roughness on the surface. brighter means higher backscattered power levels, which in ocean scenes 938 0 obj<>stream approximately 3 km grid in latitude and longitude. c) The mission's measurements were used widely beyond weather forecasting and research -- for example, to help identify efficient shipping routes, plan new offshore wind farms, and guide search-and-rescue operations at sea. The instrument is an active microwave radar (a conically scanning pencil-beam scatterometer) with dual-beam, 40º (inner beam) and 46º look angle from nadir (outer beam), conical scan 1 m diameter reflector (rotating dish) antenna, operating in Ku-band at 13.402 GHz (nominal peak power of pulse =110 W, 189 Hz PRF (Pulse Repetition Frequency). closer examination of the wind fields, a data image is further The NASA budget provides for continuing the QuikSCAT mission through FY2009. The ERS-2 products of ocean surface winds at 10m height are from satellite passes as computed by The NRCS images shown here are gridded into an and longitudes 180W to 180E so as to provide easy HTML links to data images of specific interest . The propulsion system uses anhydrous hydrazine (N2H4) blowdown. The MGDR (Merged Geophysical Data Record) product contains both the wind retrievals along with the σo values (radar backscatter) for each wind vector cell. The pointing accuracy is ≤ 0.1º absolute per axis; the pointing knowledge is ≤ 0.05º per axis. Measurement of wind speeds between 3-20 m/s to an accuracy of 2 m/s, wind vector directions to an accuracy of 20º. startxref ASCAT Ice Data. 0000000530 00000 n Click here for the ocean surface winds from the near real-time (NRT) observation data. The meteorological changes alone decreased near-surface particulate matter, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and many other chemicals due to vertical dilution but increased near-surface ozone due to the higher temperature and lower NO. The ERS-2 products of ocean surface winds at 10m height are from satellite passes as computed by ESA, who provided in their fast delivery product data.The currently used empirical model is s referred to as CMOD4 (), which relates normalized radar cross-section with wind speed and direction i Please Note: this web site is not maintained with 24x7 support. However it still provides calibration data for other on-orbit scatterometers (OSCAT), which enables the continuation of a climate-quality wind vector dataset (Ref. Wind vector data processing was performed at NASA/JPL, Pasadena, CA. 1, pp. Telemetry processors at the ground stations acquire raw data from these downlinks and provide data files to the SAFS system for later customer consumption. The daily ice image products are generated from the ASCAT Level 1B sigma0 data which are operationally obtained from EUMETSAT. The tremendous success of QuikSCAT led the National Research Council, in its 2007 decadal survey report for Earth science, to recommend that t NOAA develop an operational version of QuikSCAT, called the Extended Ocean Vector Winds Mission (XOVWM). • In 2014, the QuikSCAT mission is in extended operations (extended through 2015). The antenna spins at a very precise rate, and emits two beams about 6º apart, each consisting of a continuous stream of pulses. Figure 6: This image was created using data from SeaWinds onboard QuikSCAT shows ocean winds on September 20, 1999. The ISS-RapidScat instrument is slated to launch in 2014 and will fly aboard the International Space Station to measure Earth's ocean surface wind speed and direction. xref The information compiled and edited in this article was provided by Herbert J. Kramer from his documentation of: "Observation of the Earth and Its Environment: Survey of Missions and Sensors" (Springer Verlag) as well as many other sources after the publication of the 4th edition in 2002. polarization from the forward look is being shown. VERIFICATION OF SCATTEROMETER WINDS Ad Stoffelen, Jur Vogelzang and Anton Verhoef Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, Wilhelminalaan 10, 3732 GK, De Bilt, The Netherlands Abstract Since several centres produce scatterometer wind products, user guidance would be useful to direct users to the most appropriate product for their application. and longitudes 180W to 180E, forming a HTML link map for the of recent NRCS images. This technique has just been developed: it must be further tested. • The QuikSCAT spacecraft was commissioned (i.e., declared operational) on July 27, 1999. The sea surface radar cross-section, referred to as "σo", is measured for several different azimuth angles and for both horizontally and vertically polarized radiation. The NASA Scatterometer Climate Record Pathfinder (SCP) is a NASA sponsored project to develop scatterometer-based data time series to support climate studies of the Earth's cryosphere and biosphere. NASA/GSFC manages the satellite development and operation. Details about these and other enhanced resolution scatterometer image sigma0 data which are operationally obtained from EUMETSAT. for the ocean surface winds from the near real-time (NRT) observation Design life ≥ 2 years with 3 years for expendables. Like all radars, QuikSCAT sent pulses of microwaves toward Earth and recorded the waves that bounced back, called backscatter. The original operational mission requirement was to produce wind retrievals in 25 km resolution Wind Vector Cells (WVC) on an orbit-by-orbit basis within three hours of observation and to make them available in BUFR (Binary Universal Form for the Representation of meteorological data) format. Since 2007, NASA and NOAA are trying hard to get a budget for a QuikSCAT follow-on mission. Product quality Figure 2 shows that the probability of a SeaWinds solution is much more meaningful, i.e. For closer examination of the wind fields, a global image is further divided into 30x20 degree bins between latitudes 80N to 80S 3). �$P�IIII,�cq `P2��@lX�1��iv �Va�e�q �{�i[�� C�F&G�������d�,�)2O`ax�.`���%[�� ��eC�C � Y�i�����gX8�aw�b�����������J -�?l����&���è��t2��y��@z��0pz��a�jf ���`�-�� =ώ��[��+�X�X�v~�f[�'N�v7.+��������5A���e�$a��m��@� NRCS, (Normalized Radar Cross-Section or Sigma0) link brings up a listing The currently used empirical model is s referred to as CMOD4 (ESA), which relates storms become available, and the imagery is updated shortly after receipt The data are provided courtesy of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) from the OSCAT instrument on ISRO's OceanSat 2 spacecraft, launched in September 2009. Figure 10: Schematic block diagram of the SeaWinds system (image credit: Brigham Young University) 33), Figure 11: Illustration of the dual-beam scanning geometries (image credit: NASA), Figure 12: Alternate view of the SeaWinds dual-beam scanning concept (image credit: University of Central Florida) 34), Figure 13: Detailed view of SeaWinds scanning geometry (image credit: Brigham Young University). PI: M. H. Freilich, NASA/JPL and Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR). 16), - While NASA and NOAA provided the QuikSCAT Ku-band scatterometer observations to the to the international operational ice monitoring community for the past decade - the new NASA/NOAA agreement with ISRO, reached in 2010, makes near-real-time, routine access to Oceansat-2 scatterometer (OSCAT) Level-1B data available. 1) 2), • To acquire all-weather, high-resolution measurements of near-surface winds over global oceans, • To determine atmospheric forcing, ocean response, and air-sea interaction mechanisms on various spatial and temporal scales, • To combine wind data with measurements from scientific instruments in other disciplines to help us better understand the mechanisms of global climate change and weather patterns. Especially in cases where the wind vector retrievals are The pointing of these beams was calibrated before launch for accurate echo location determination. 26), • In the fall of 2003, NASA extended the on-orbit operations of the QuikSCAT satellite - based on its consistent performance in delivering important weather data to users around the world. The global wind images display the available data from the previous 22 please visit Based on the strength of this backscatter, scientists can estimate the strength and direction of the wind at the ocean's surface. QuikSCAT was operated by LASP (Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics) at the University of Colorado at Boulder. S/C mass (wet) = 970 kg, payload mass = 205 kg, payload power = 250 W (average). Please Note: Current products include the v-pol average, the v-pol Its data also provided critical information for monitoring, researching, modeling, and forecasting the atmosphere, ocean, ice and climate. After its launch in September 2014 on the SpaceX CRS-4 mission, ISS-RapidScat will observe ocean winds from the space station. the Ross Ice Shelf, South Georgia Island and the Weddell Sea. - Comments and corrections to this article are always welcome for further updates (herb.kramer@gmx.net). The activator assembly provides very accurate spin control and precise position or pointing information to the CDS (Command and Data Subsystem). /2011/07/22/2011-NASA-ESSR-v3-CY-CleanCopy_3x.pdf, 14) "NASA/ISRO Image Shows Irene's Winds Before Landfall," NASA/JPL, August 27, 2011, URL: http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2011-268, 15) Serubson Soisuvarn, Khalil Ahmad, Zorana Jelenak, Joseph Sienkiewicz, Paul S. Chang, "NOAA Assessment of the OceanSat-2 Scatterometer," IOVWST (International Ocean Vector Winds Science Team) Meeting, Annapolis, MD, USA, May 9-11, 2011, URL: http://coaps.fsu.edu/scatterometry/meeting 1) "Mission - SeaWinds on QuikSCAT," NASA/JPL, URL: http://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/quikscat/index.cfm#sci_ob, 2) http://library01.gsfc.nasa.gov/Glaros/perkin/quikscat.pdf, 3) Aaron Cannon, Matt Dean, Brian Marotta, Jason Woodward, QuikSCAT: Space Hardware Experiment Design," Dec. 2, 1999, URL: http://www.colorado.edu/engineering/ASEN/asen5519 The success of QuikSCAT in OPC operations is due to the wide 1800 km swath width, large retrievable wind speed range ( 0 to in excess of 30 m/s), ability to view QuikSCAT winds in a comprehensive form in operational workstations, and reliable near-real-time delivery of data.
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