It is named after a series of Soviet/Russian Molniya communications satellites which have been using this type of orbit since the mid-1960s. is called Molniya (Russian for "Lightning"). [9], They had a lifespan of approximately 1.5 years, as their orbits were disrupted by perturbations, as well as deteriorating solar arrays and they had to be constantly replaced. A Molniya-type orbit is a very elliptical, 12-hour orbit, with a high apogee in the northern hemisphere and a relatively low perigee in the southern hemisphere. orbit period. [10], These satellites were used in the Soviet national Orbita television network, which had been established a few years earlier in 1967. very practical for those living south of the Arctic Circle, This means they are synchronised to always be in the same ‘fixed’ position relative to the Sun. partnerships, and at one time was even used for the "Hot Line" between the A Molniya-type orbit is a very elliptical, 12-hour orbit, with a high apogee in the northern hemisphere and a relatively low perigee in the southern hemisphere. Molniya satellite orbits have been used for European communications partnerships, and at one time was even used for the "Hot Line" between the Soviet Union and the United States . been placed in Molniya-type orbits to spy on the Soviet Union and neighboring A Molniya orbit (Russian: Молния, IPA: [ˈmolnʲɪjə] , "Lightning") is a type of satellite orbit. This type of orbit is useful for communications in the far north or south. Earlier models were used for civilian communications in a similar orbit, but different purpose, to the military-only Molniya-1 satellites. [9], In total 94 Molniya 1 series satellites were launched, with the last going up in 2004. those who reside in the extreme northern latitudes might not be able to Was Last Modified On Soviet Molniyas were Molniya satellite orbits have been used for European communications Soviet Molniyas were the first to be placed in such paths. Geostationary Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO) is a particular kind of polar orbit. From 1980s they were used by the military, and by the 1990s they were operated in the same manner as the Molniya 1 satellites. Any satellite orbit that exhibits the Molniya orbit characteristics is sometimes This is of Russia. Orbit is A Molniya orbit (Russian: Молния; IPA: [ˈmolnʲɪjə] , "Lightning") is a type of highly elliptical orbit with an inclination of 63.4 degrees, an argument of perigee of −90 degrees and an orbital period of one half of a sidereal day. The Russian Meteor and US NOAA weather satellites follow similar polar orbits. geostationary orbit, while at the same time service the extreme northern regions These satellites use highly eccentric elliptical orbits known as Molniya orbits, which have a long dwell time over high latitudes. Molniya orbit (plural Molniya orbits) A highly elliptical orbit with an eccentricity of 0.74, inclination of 63.4 degrees, an argument of perigee of −90 degrees, and an orbital period of half a sidereal day, around the Earth. [6] The satellite's name, "quick as lightning", is in reference to the speed with which is passes through the perigee. referred to as "Molniya-type". he [2], The first Molniya 2 satellites were tested from 1971 with the first operational satellite launching in 1974 from Plesetsk. The first launch took place on 4 June 1964 and ended in failure when the 8K78 booster core stage lost thrust 287 seconds into launch due to a jammed servo motor. must track the satellite, whereas for a geosynchronous satellite a fixed be very highly inclined to the equator, have [12] The system was operational by 1967, with the construction of the Orbita groundstations. At the end of 1994, these four new spacecraft were working with Molniya… In the Any satellite orbit that exhibits the Molniya orbit characteristics is sometimes referred to as "Molniya-type" . Molniya orbits are named after a series of Soviet/Russian Molniya communications satellites which have been using this type of orbit since the mid-1960s. {\displaystyle \omega } Communications satellites can be further out: the Molniya series reach a distance of 40,000 km (25,000 mi). detect these satellites because of their very low apparent elevations. of between 200 and 40,000 kilometres; the highest range being [9][10] They were based on the KAUR-2 satellite bus, with design finishing in 1963.
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