The students were asked to address in their essays how a planetary rover named for their heroine would translate these accomplishments to the Martian environment. In another region known as Rock Garden, Sojourner encountered crescent moon-shaped dunes, which are similar to crescentic dunes on Earth. [16] This information was used by the computer to determine the precise timing of the landing events that followed. #"""#''''''''''�� DF" �� � Other popular suggestions included explorer and guide Sacajewea and aviator Amelia Earhart. The mission carried a series of scientific instruments to analyze the Martian atmosphere, climate, and geology and the composition of its rocks and soil. The name Sojourner was chosen for the Mars Pathfinder rover when 12-year old Valerie Ambroise, of Bridgeport, Connecticut, won a year-long, worldwide competition in which students up to 18 years old were invited to select a heroine and submit an essay about her historical accomplishments. It found all the elements except hydrogen, which constitutes just 0.1 percent of the rock's or soil's mass. were included in the transmitted images as part of the image header. During its 83 sols of operation, it sent 550 photographs to Earth and analyzed the chemical properties of 16 locations near the lander. The bulk of the lander's task was to support the rover by imaging rover operations and relaying data from the rover to Earth. Mars Pathfinder was launched on a Delta 7925 on December 4, 1996. Sub-light Speed in Star Trek: Can It Be Done? "Return to Mars", article by William R. Newcott. By the time that final results of the mission were described in a series of articles in the journal Science (December 5, 1997), it was believed that the rock Yogi contained a coating of dust, but was similar to the rock Barnacle Bill. Three low-gain antennas extended from three corners of the box and a camera extended up from the center on a 0.8-meter high pop-up mast. Volcanic rocks are usually classified by comparing the relative amount of alkalis (Na2O and K2O) with the amount of silica (SiO2). Sojourner travelled approximately 100 metres in total, never more than 12 m from the Pathfinder station. Communication failed after October 7,[36] with a final data transmission received from Pathfinder at 10:23 UTC on September 27, 1997. After landing, the airbags deflated and were retracted. It consisted of a lander, renamed the Carl Sagan Memorial Station, and a lightweight (10.6 kg/23 lb) wheeled robotic Mars rover named Sojourner,[5] which became the first rover to operate outside the Earth–Moon system. The Mars Pathfinder mission cost approximately $265 million including launch and operations. The pixels of this colour camera were arranged in such a way, that out of the 16 pixel of a 4×4 pixel block, 12 pixel were sensitive to green, 2 pixel to red and 2 pixel were sensitive to infrared as well as blue. It operated for 84 days, 12 times longer than its designed lifetime of seven days. All three cameras were CCDs manufactured by Eastman Kodak Company, and were controlled by the rover's CPU. %PDF-1.1 Mars and Earth have approximately the same landmass. "Un espía que anda por Marte", de Julio Guerrieri. The Sojourner rover exit from the lander occurred on Sol 2, after its landing on July 4, 1997. It was the second project from NASA's Discovery Program, which promotes the use of low-cost spacecraft and frequent launches under the motto "cheaper, faster and better" promoted by then-administrator Daniel Goldin. They were designed and tested to accommodate grazing angle impacts as high as 28 m/s. 1997. The cameras' optical resolution was sufficient to resolve 0.6 cm details across a 0.65 m range. Apollo 14 Mission: Return to the Moon after Apollo 13. [19], Although the mission was planned to last from a week to a month, the rover operated successfully for almost three months. "Results from the Mars Pathfinder Camera". Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spotted Pathfinder lander in January 2007 (left).[38][39]. /Filter /DCTDecode The project manager was JPL's Tony Spear. 1997. [13], The landing site was an ancient flood plain in Mars's northern hemisphere called "Ares Vallis" ("the valley of Ares", the ancient Greek equivalent of the ancient Roman deity Mars) and is among the rockiest parts of Mars. The landing site was located at 19.30° north latitude and 33.52° west longitude in Ares Vallis, only 19 kilometres southwest of the center of the 200 km wide landing site ellipse. [15] (See also List of extraterrestrial memorials). The entry vehicle's heat shield slowed the craft to 400 meters per second in about 160 seconds. The on-board battery—designed to operate for one month—may have failed after repeated charging and discharging. It provided images of the APXS's target area and the rover's tracks on the ground. The heat shield was released 20 seconds after parachute deployment, and the bridle, a 20-meter-long braided Kevlar tether, deployed below the spacecraft. Facts about Mars. A 12.5-meter parachute was deployed at this time, slowing the craft to about 70 meters per second. It was an ambitious way to send a lander and a separate, remote-controlled rover to the surface of Mars and demonstrated a number of innovative, economical, and highly effective approaches to spacecraft and mission design of a planetary landing mission. Pathfinder opened its three metallic triangular solar panels (petals) 87 minutes after landing. The lander impacted at 14 m/s and limited the impact to only 18 G of deceleration. During the extended operation a high-resolution stereo panorama of the surrounding terrain was being made, and the Sojourner rover was to visit a distant ridge, but the panorama was only about one-third completed and the ridge visit had not begun when communication failed.[36]. No scientific or engineering data was lost after a computer reset, but all the following operations were interrupted until the next day. After the landing, at 19°08′N 33°13′W / 19.13°N 33.22°W / 19.13; -33.22Coordinates: 19°08′N 33°13′W / 19.13°N 33.22°W / 19.13; -33.22,[14] succeeded, the lander received the name The Carl Sagan Memorial Station in honor of the astronomer. The procedure was a success and on Sol 2, Sojourner was released, stood up and backed down one of two ramps. %���� 2004. s !1AQa"q�2���B#�R��3b�$r��%C4S���cs�5D'���6Tdt���&� [34] Using much more sophisticated instruments, Mars Spirit rover found that magnetite could explain the magnetic nature of the dust and soil on Mars. Mars Pathfinder entered the Martian atmosphere and landed using an innovative system involving an entry capsule, a supersonic parachute, followed by solid rockets and large airbags to cushion the impact. The imaging system obtained views of the rover and immediate surroundings and a panoramic view of the landing area. The battery was used to heat the probe's electronics to slightly above the expected nighttime temperatures on Mars. The Mars Pathfinder mission was used to demonstrate that NASA could send an exploratory mission to Mars for 1/15th of the cost of the Viking budget in the 1970's. The landing site in the Ares Vallis region of Mars is at 19.33 N, 33.55 W. The lander has been named the Sagan Memorial Station, and it operated nearly three times its design lifetime of 30 days. [31], The lander sent more than 2.3 billion bits (287.5 megabytes) of information including 16,500 pictures and made 8.5 million measurements of the atmospheric pressure, temperature and wind speed. Four seconds later at an altitude of 98 meters the three solid rockets, mounted in the backshell, fired to slow the descent, and the bridle was cut 21.5 meters above the ground.
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