The juvenile stage is a period after germination that is capable of rapid vegetative growth and is unlikely to flower. For example, the autumn leaf is senescent but the tree on which … Central to the ACM is the idea that humans make shifts in their life-history strategy at key periods or “inflection points” in development in response to prevailing life-history conditions. The adult stage essential for sexual reproduction is less useful for vegetative propagation than the responsive juvenile growth, a condition due probably to the hormonal balance in the tissues. Note, plants transferred in the first 3 weeks, which is the juvenile period, are not delayed in flowering by the SD treatment. One of the key signals for flowering is day length. Because ecological conditions might change from one generation to the next and thus affect how individuals should best negotiate the social and physical world, it is argued that a degree of phenotypic flexibility in life-history behavior is an evolved feature of humans, perhaps arising in part because of the rapidly fluctuating nature of environmental conditions during the Pleistocene (Kuzawa & Bragg, 2012; Wells, 2012). 30 days to view or download: Many species that require an environmental change to stimulate flower initiation, such as the Brassicas that require a cold period, will not respond to the stimulus until the juvenile period is over; about eleven weeks in Brussels sprouts. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. There are ongoing attempts to over-express FT in apple using inducible promoters and making use of its ability to move in the phloem, so that transgenic root-stocks can be used to overcome juvenility of one-year-seedlings through grafting (Flachowsky et al., 2009). During their early stages of growth and devlopment, many plants will not flower in response to environmental conditions that will induce flowering when they are older. ( Log Out / The key life-history stages and periods of human development are outlined in Table 7.3 with important biological milestones contrasted with those of chimpanzees. The habit of the plant is also different; the juvenile stem of ivy tends to grow horizontally and is vegetative in nature, while the adult growth is vertical and bears flowers. Table 1. Clonal propagation also avoids juvenility, and the propagated plants produce fruit sooner. Leaves expanded with food may, developing leaf developing flower swollen base of stem (new corm), swollen leaves developing flower axillary bud (next year's bulb), Figure 11.6 Structure of organs responsible for over-wintering and vegetative propagation adventitious roots. The production of these vegetative propagules, as with the production of seed, is often the means by which the plant survives adverse conditions (see overwintering), acting as a food store which will provide for the renewed growth when it begins. In other words, those individuals who were exposed to more environmental unpredictability in their early years were likely to have more sexual partners and to engage in greater levels of aggressive, delinquent, and criminal behavior later in life. However, socioeconomic status per se does not directly cause the development of antisocial and risky behavior; rather, socioeconomic disadvantage tends to be associated with a large number of other risk factors (e.g., physical abuse, frequency of family changes, weak parental attachment) that are likely to play a more important causal role (Fergusson et al., 2004). Such play is uncommon in wild primates, except for a few tool-using species, including humans and chimpanzees (Byrne, 1995; Goodall, 1986). Juvenility and maturation in plants are briefly reviewed with emphasis on the regulation of phase change and rejuvenation. In short, life-history strategies are developed to increase the likelihood of successful reproduction in environments that are more likely to lead to earlier death or disability. After juvenility is adolescence, which is an extended period in humans characterized by rapid growth, a cascade of sex-differentiated physiological changes, and the direction of energetic resources into mating effort and related tasks, such as the negotiation of social hierarchies. From an evolutionary perspective, individual differences in susceptibly to environmental influences represents a form of “bet-hedging”: because future environments are inherently unknowable, natural selection has maintained a variety of strategies, some that involve conditional shifts depending on environmental influences and others that are relatively impervious to environmental context (Belsky & Pluess, 2009; Ellis et al., 2011).
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