Amidst mounting pressures from Germany, he elected to hold a plebiscite, hoping to retain autonomy. [2] Fascists believed that war was generally a positive force for improvement, and were therefore eager at the prospect of a new European war. In 1938, Poland participated in the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia by annexing Zaolzie. In the late 1980s, the British historian Richard Overy was involved in a historical dispute with Timothy Mason that mostly played out over the pages of the Past and Present journal over the reasons for the outbreak of World War II in 1939. The end of all oil shipments in 1941 was decisive since the US, Britain, and the Netherlands provided almost all of Japan's oil. the Volga Germans). • Production • Holocaust Lord Halifax acknowledged that the Nazis had destroyed Communism in Germany and felt that the Nazi State represented a bulwark for the West against Bolshevism. • Operation Bagration The entire ordeal ended the French and British policy of appeasement. If you are focusing on the causes of the Second World War, then I’d say the primary cause was the inability of the Entente and the US to coordinate at Versailles as to what they intended for Germany. In Europe, Italy’s Benito Mussolini sought to create a New Roman Empire based around the Mediterranean and invaded Albania in early 1939, before the official start of the war, and later invaded Greece. Hitler also believed that the Soviet Union could be defeated in a fast-paced and relentless assault that capitalized on the Soviet Union's ill-prepared state. During the war, German colonies outside Europe had been annexed by the Allies, and Italy took the southern half of Tyrol after an armistice was agreed upon. [29] Mason's Primat der Innenpolitik thesis was in marked contrast to the Primat der Außenpolitik ("primacy of foreign politics"), which is usually used to explain the war. [11] Although this failed, Hitler gained recognition as a national hero among the German population. The Treaty resulted in harsh monetary reparations, territorial dismemberment, mass ethnic resettlements and indirectly hampered the German economy by causing rapid hyperinflation. [30], Mason argued, "Nazi Germany was always bent at some time upon a major war of expansion. The United States and the United Kingdom reacted by making loans to China, providing covert military assistance, pilots and fighter aircraft to Kuomintang China and instituting increasingly broad embargoes of raw materials and oil against Japan. That declaration of war effectively ended isolationist sentiment in the US, which immediately reciprocated and so formally entered the war in Europe. [36] Overy argued that there was a difference between economic pressures induced by the problems of the Four Year Plan and economic motives to seize raw materials, industry, and foreign reserves of neighboring states as a way of accelerating the Four Year Plan. One was Benito Mussolini, who became Prime Minister of Italy in 1922. It contained most of the huge defensive system (larger than the Maginot line) that represented Czechoslovakia's only viable military defense, well protected by the mountainous terrain. The Anschluss was the 1938 annexation by threat of force of Austria into Germany. The USSR, however, gained control of the Baltic states and parts of Poland by allying with Germany, which it did through the secret Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in August 1939. In 1939, the Japanese attacked north from Manchuria into Siberia. Believing the French, Dutch and British governments more than occupied with the war in Europe, the Soviets reeling from German attacks and that the United States could not be organized for war for years and would seek a compromise before waging full scale war, they chose the latter, and went ahead with plans for the Greater East Asia War in the Pacific.[1]. Italy had already conquered both Ethiopia and Albania, and Japan was expanding its imperial realm decades before WWII began, conquering the Korean peninsula, Taiwan, and the southern half of the Far East Soviet island of Sakhalin. Just as importantly, the quarrelling amongst these powers doomed any continuation of a Stresa Front and, with no choice but to accept the unfavorable Anschluss, Italy had little reason for continued opposition to Germany, and was actually drawn in closer to the Nazis. [25][26], The ongoing conflict in China led to a deepening conflict with the U.S., where public opinion was alarmed by events such as the Nanking Massacre and growing Japanese power. As a result of the League's condemnation of Italy, Mussolini declared the country's withdrawal from the organization. • Slovakia • New Zealand Many Japanese were virulently racist, not only towards Europeans, but also against other Asian peoples such as Koreans, Ainu, and Chinese. The Imperial Japanese Army captured the Chinese capital city of Nanjing, and committed war crimes in the Nanjing massacre.
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