The damage to the Berlin railway system was extensive. Until that time, Allied bombers avoided contact with the Luftwaffe; now, the Americans used any method that would force the Luftwaffe into combat. [29] In December 1943, for example, 11 crews from No. 21 were shot down or crashed, and again little damage was done due to bad weather. German night fighters were effective and 6.7% of the bombers were shot down. It will cost Germany the war". 421 Lancasters dispatched to Berlin. Due to the cross winds the bombing was inaccurate and to the south of the city, but two more of the, Berlin was the main target. ISBN. As the bombings continued, more and more people fled the city. ISBN, Beevor, Antony (2002). In total 364,514 operational sorties were flown, 1,030,500 tons of bombs were dropped and 8,325 aircraft lost in action. Smit, Erik/Evthalia Staikos/Dirk Thormann, This section is based on Rürup, chapter 1, a major change in fighter defense of USAAF strategic bomber formations, had already been out of service since 1944, http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1945/1945%20-%201571.html, Appeal against aerial bombardment of civilian populations, "Design and Construction of Typical German and Japanese Test Structures at Dugway Proving Grounds, Utah", 27 May 1943, The U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II: Leaping the Atlantic Wall Army Air Forces Campaigns in Western Europe, 1942–1945, Federal Depository Library Program Electronic Collection, "Combat Chronology of the US Army Air Forces: February 1945", "100th Bomb Group Foundation – Personnel – LT COL Robert ROSENTHAL", "A Forgotten Holocaust: US Bombing Strategy, the Destruction of Japanese Cities & the American Way of War from World War II to Iraq", Air operations during the Battle of Europe, Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Berlin main target. In 1943, the Berlin architect Erich Mendelsohn collaborated with the U.S. Army and the Standard Oil company in order to build "German Village", a set of replicas of typical German working class housing estates, which would be of key importance in acquiring the know-how and experience necessary to carry out the firebombings on Berlin. Until that time, Allied bombers avoided contact with the Luftwaffe; now, the Americans used any method that would force the Luftwaffe into combat. Berlin was attacked by 364 Lancasters, 8 Mosquitos and 7 Halifaxes. In addition, many U-Bahn stations were converted into shelters. Berlin was the main target. [33] The Unter den Linden, Wilhelmstrasse and Friedrichstrasse areas were turned into seas of ruins. Berlin, in a small raid, was attacked by 6 Mosquitos, 1 Mosquito lost, Berlin, the main target, was attacked by 443 Lancasters and 7 Mosquitos. The first RAF raid on the interior of Germany took place on the night of 10 – 11 May (on Dortmund). Articles needing factual verification from July 2014, Pages using duplicate arguments in template calls, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II, Aerial operations and battles of World War II, World War II strategic bombing of Germany, sowed the wind, and now they are going to reap the whirlwind, Appeal against aerial bombardment of civilian populations, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/area_bombing_01.shtml, http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/dec43.html, RAF Bomber Command Campaign Diary January 1944, RAF Bomber Command Campaign Diary February 1944, "Video: Blast Berlin By Daylight, 1944/03/20 (1944)", http://www.archive.org/details/1944-03-20_Blast_Berlin_By_Daylight, The U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II: Leaping the Atlantic Wall Army Air Forces Campaigns in Western Europe, 1942–1945, Federal Depository Library Program Electronic Collection, "Combat Chronology of the US Army Air Forces — February 1945", "Bombing the European Axis Powers. The day and night air battles over Germany during the war involved thousands of aircraft, units and aerial engagements to counter the Allied strategic bombing campaign. Berlin was the main target. 20 April 1943 was Hitler’s 54th birthday. While it was acknowledged that the aerial bombing of Germany would cause civilian casualties, the British government renounced the deliberate bombing of civilian property, outside combat zones, as a military tactic. Even before the war, work had begun on an extensive system of public air-raid shelters, but by 1939 only 15% of the planned 2,000 shelters had been built. Richards, Denis (1994). 432 Lancasters, 241 Halifaxes, 4 Mosquitos (677 aircraft) despatched to Berlin. At the same time, new bombers with longer ranges were coming into service, particularly the Avro Lancaster, which became available in large numbers during 1942. [17] In total in 1941, Soviet aircraft dropped 36,000 kilograms (79,000 pounds) of bombs on Berlin. Small raids on Berlin, Solingen, Koblenz and Krefeld by 20 Mosquitos.
469 Lancasters, 234. [36], Up to the end of March 1945 there had been a total of 314 air raids on Berlin, with 85 of those coming in the last twelve months[37] Half of all houses were damaged and around a third uninhabitable, as much as 16 km² of the city was simply rubble. At these rates Bomber Command would have been wiped out before Berlin." [17], On 17 December, extensive damage was done to the Berlin railway system. [49] This compares to death tolls of between 22,000 and 25,000 in the single attack on Dresden on 14 February 1945, and the 40,000 killed at Hamburg in a single raid in 1943, with both the Hamburg and Dresden raids each having lower casualty totals than the 9/10 March 1945 Operation Meetinghouse single firebombing raid on Tokyo, devastating some 15.8 square miles (40.9 km²) causing the loss of at least 100,000 lives in the Japanese capital.
[5], Between 1939 and 1942, the policy of bombing only targets of direct military significance was gradually abandoned in favour of "area bombing"—large-scale bombing of German cities to destroy housing and civilian infrastructure. Due to the exhaustion of German supplies the German anti-aircraft defense was underequipped and weak so that out of the 1,600 US aircraft committed, only 36 were shot down and their crews – as far as they survived the crash of their planes – taken as prisoners-of-war.
In addition, many U-Bahn stations were converted into shelters. 432 Lancasters, 241 Halifaxes, 4 Mosquitos (677 aircraft) despatched to Berlin. 1,000 wagon-loads of war material destined for the. ", p.205.
Fliegerkorps and the Luftwaffenbefehlshaber Mitte, and later subordinated to the Luftflotte Reich. In 1943, the Germans decided to evacuate non-essential people from Berlin. 6 DB-3 bombers of the Baltic Fleet (3 reached Berlin). "Army Air Forces in World War Two: Europe:Argument to VE-Day". The intense bombing campaign lasted until March 1945. "It will cost us between 400 and 500 aircraft," he said.
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