"Muay" comes from the Sanskrit term meaning "to box" but is generally used to describe the unarmed martial art found throughout Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. Mountain/hill tribes of mixed ethno/cultural-linguistic heritage are found in northern Laos, which include the Lua and Khmu people who are indigenous to Laos. [13] After a period of internal conflict, Lan Xang broke into three separate kingdoms: Luang Phrabang, Vientiane and Champasak. [110][111], Human rights advocates including Vang Pobzeb, Kerry and Kay Danes, and others have also raised concerns about human rights violations, torture, the arrest and detention of political prisoners as well as the detention of foreign prisoners in Laos including at the infamous Phonthong Prison in Vientiane. SE Asia. [83] Around 5,000 Hmong people who were not resettled at the time of the camp closures sought asylum at Wat Tham Krabok, a Buddhist monastery in central Thailand where more than 10,000 Hmong refugees had already been living. Vientiane (/ v i n t i n / vee-EN-tee-AHN, French: ; Lao: , Viangchan, pronounced [ tn]) is the capital and largest city of Laos.Vientiane is divided administratively into 9 cities with a total area of only approx. Vientiane is the largest city in Laos and functions as: Houses the Presidential Palace. Cities []. Trc , FPT Capital ng k bn 1 triu c phiu TPB tng ng 0,063% vn iu l ngn hng. [71] In 2005 it attended the inaugural East Asia Summit. [166], Australian filmmaker Kim Mordount's first feature film was made in Laos and features a Laotian cast speaking their native language. [125], Laos is rich in mineral resources and imports petroleum and gas. But around the 11th and 12th centuries, the Lao and Thai came from Southern China and overtook the area. [153][154] Buddhism has long been one of the most important social forces in Laos. Buddha Park, also known as Xieng Khuan, is a . The revised constitution of 11 May 1957 omitted reference to the French Union, though close educational, health and technical ties with the former colonial power persisted. It is bordered by Myanmar (used to be known in English as "Burma") and by China to the northwest, by Vietnam to the east, by Cambodia to the south and by . Vientiane suffered greatly during the conflict between the kingdom's army and Siamese forces in 1827. Laos's strategies for development are based on generating electricity from rivers and selling the power to its neighbours, namely Thailand, China and Vietnam, as well as its initiative to become a "land-linked" nation, as evidenced by the construction of four new railways connecting Laos and neighbours. 3,920 square kilometres and is located on the banks of the Mekong, close to the Thai border.Vientiane was the administrative capital . 6, "Seventy Years of Anarchy", in. The mining industry of Laos has received prominent attention with foreign direct investments. King Sisavang Vong of Luang Phrabang became ruler of a unified Laos, and Vientiane once again became the capital. France remained in de facto control until 22 October 1953, when Laos gained full independence as a constitutional monarchy. [101] On 25 September 2009, Laos ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, nine years after signing the treaty. The city of Vientiane is located on the Mekong River's bank near the Laos-Thailand border, and is the seat of the countrys national government. The indigenous Khmers are believed to have been largely displaced or killed during the 11th and 12th centuries, when the Lao people entered the region. Laos, landlocked country of northeast-central mainland Southeast Asia. In 2017, the country sent a team for the first time to the team events at the Southeast Asian Games. Laos is a landlocked country located in the Indochinese Peninsula. [171], As of 2018, Laos has three theatres dedicated to showing films.[172]. Laos's first French-written and monarchical constitution was promulgated on 11 May 1947, and declared Laos an independent state within the French Union. For example, Khammu farmers in Luang Prabang plant the rice variety khao kam in small quantities near the farm house in memory of dead parents, or at the edge of the rice field to indicate that parents are still alive.[162]. [182] Its national football team is a member of the Asian Football Confederation and of the ASEAN Football Federation. [38] France rescued King Oun Kham and added Luang Phrabang to the protectorate of French Indochina. Laos is simply one of those places that will capture your heart for years to come. [25] Stone artefacts including Hoabinhian types have been found at sites dating to the Late Pleistocene in northern Laos. The area was originally settled because of the fertility of the surrounding alluvial plains, and Vientiane became the capital city of Laos around the mid 16th century. [43], During World War II in Laos, Vichy France, Thailand, Imperial Japan and Free France occupied Laos. Origins of the Lao Kingdom. provided 70% of the funding for a $5.9 billion, 400-km railway line between the Chinese border and the capital Vientiane, which opened for operations in December 2021. [50], In 1975 the Pathet Lao overthrew the royalist government, forcing King Savang Vatthana to abdicate on 2 December 1975. Export earnings from international visitors and tourism goods are expected to generate 16% of total exports or US$270.3million in 2010, growing in nominal terms to US$484.2million (12.5% of the total) in 2020. There is limited external and internal telecommunication, but mobile phones have become widespread. Other carriers serving the country include Bangkok Airways, Vietnam Airlines, AirAsia, Thai Airways and China Eastern Airlines. settlement scattered around a Hindu temple. According to the International Monetary Fund, as of 01.01.2020, they amounted to USD 1.128 million. Its first railway line, a short 3-km long metre-gauge railway that connects southern Vientiane to Thailand, only opened in 2009. Setthathirath became king in 1548, after his father was killed, and ordered the construction of what became the symbol of Laos, That Luang. Amnesty International raised concerns about the ratification record of the Lao government on human rights standards and its lack of co-operation with the UN human rights mechanisms and legislative measuresboth impact negatively upon human rights. However, the latter is considered pejorative, meaning 'slave'. In 2010, one in every 11 jobs was in the tourism sector. [14] It is a one-party socialist republic, espousing MarxismLeninism and governed by the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, under which non-governmental organisations have routinely characterised the country's human rights record as poor, citing repeated abuses such as torture, restrictions on civil liberties and persecution of minorities. [1] These earliest human migrants are Australo-Melanesians associated with the Hoabinhian cultureand have populated the highlands . [19][20][21][22][23] In the Lao language, the country's name is Muang Lao () or Pathet Lao (), both of which literally mean 'Lao Country'. French is used in government and commerce, and Laos is a member of the French-speaking organisation of La Francophonie. Location: Champasak Province, Laos. "[132], The country's most widely recognised product may well be Beerlao, which in 2017 was exported to more than 20 countries worldwide. [141] The authorities in Laos have recently developed an innovative regulatory framework for publicprivate partnership contracts signed with small enterprises, in parallel with more conventional regulation of state-owned water enterprises. [47][46], The First Indochina War took place across French Indochina and eventually led to French defeat and the signing of a peace accord for Laos at the Geneva Conference of 1954. This slim paperback by Sam Brier and Phouphanomlack (Tee) Sangkhampone boasts an intuitive, sound-based way to learn the written Lao alphabet and sounds of the Lao language. Government policies are determined by the party through the eleven-member Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party and the 61-member Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party. Energy Efficiency Retrofitting of Buildings Challenges and Methods", Diller, Anthony; Edmondson, Jerry; Luo, Yongxian (2004). Laos became independent in 1953, with a constitutional monarchy under Sisavang Vong. This tourist attraction still holds more than 10 thousand Buddha statues, large and small. [169][170] In September 2017, Laos submitted Dearest Sister (Lao: ), Mattie Do's second feature film, to the 90th Academy Awards (or the Oscars) for consideration for Best Foreign Language Film, marking the country's first submission for the Oscars. Vientiane, Laos - Jul 29, 1998: Tuk-tuk and Patuxai Triumphal arch in Lane Xang Avenue. The sinh is a traditional garment worn by Lao women in daily life. [81] Debate on the issue escalated quickly. "[81] Republicans called several Congressional hearings on alleged persecution of the Hmong in Laos in an apparent attempt to generate further support for their opposition to the Hmong's repatriation to Laos. [175] Lao citizens who have criticised the government have been subjected to enforced disappearances, arbitrary arrests and torture. [77] Pressure to resettle the refugees grew as the Thai government worked to close its remaining refugee camps. The small nation is bordered by China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, and Cambodia. The Patuxai, Vientiane Laos. [145] The Lao belong to the Tai linguistic group[146] who began migrating south from China in the first millennium CE. He later died under suspicious circumstances in a re-education camp. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com. [143], The term "Laotian" does not necessarily refer to the Lao language, ethnic Lao people, language or customs. Vientiane Capital is the home to the most significant . US Representative Steve Gunderson, for instance, told a Hmong gathering: "I do not enjoy standing up and saying to my government that you are not telling the truth, but if that is necessary to defend truth and justice, I will do that. [73] The officials were to participate in a ceremony to mark the liberation of the Plain of Jars from the former Royal Lao government forces. According to the World Bank data conducted in 2014, Laos has met the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets on water and sanitation regarding the UNICEF/WHO Joint Monitoring Programme. The city is Laos' capital and is located along the banks of the Mekong River. [41] Under French rule, the Vietnamese were encouraged to migrate to Laos, which was seen by the French colonists as a rational solution to a labour shortage within the confines of an Indochina-wide colonial space. It was founded in 1563 and was prompted by fears of attacks from Burma. In 2016, China was the biggest foreign investor in Laos's economy, having invested in US$5.395billion since 1989, according to Laos Ministry of Planning and Investment's 19892014 report. [59], In 1993 the Laos government set aside 21% of the nation's land area for habitat conservation preservation. [155] Government expenditure on health is about four percent of GDP,[155] about US$18 (PPP) in 2006. [75], Some Hmong groups fought as CIA-backed units on the royalist side in the Laotian Civil War. Amongst them, 100,000 Hmongs30% of the entire Hmong populationand 90% of all of Lao intellectuals, specialists, and officials. [144], The people of Laos are often categorised by their distribution by elevation: (lowlands, midlands and upper high lands) as this somewhat correlates with ethnic groupings. [130] According to the Global Hunger Index (2018), Laos ranks as the 36th hungriest nation in the world out of the list of the 52 nations with the worst hunger situation(s). There are many traditions and rituals associated with rice production in different environments and among many ethnic groups. Pakse. Laos Capital City, Vientiane. These include the Presidential Palace and the National Assembly of Laos. [152], Sixty-six percent of Laotians were Theravada Buddhist, 1.5 percent Christian, 0.1 percent Muslim, 0.1 percent Jewish, and 32.3 percent were other or traditional (mostly practitioners of Satsana Phi) in 2010. ", "Evaluation Synthesis of Rice in Lao PDR", "Starting an Asian Cinema: Laos Past and Present", "Good Good Morning, Luang Prabang and hello to Laos's film industry", "Q&A with director Kim Mordaunt (The Rocket)", "A tale of revenge in Laos challenges censors", "Fantastic Fest 2013 Review: Chanthaly is A Haunting Portrait of Modern Day Laos", "Laos Selects 'Dearest Sister' as First Foreign-Language Oscar Submission", "Cannes: Southeast Asia Is Ready for Its Big-Screen Close-up", "Laos: Crony scheme in control of press and civil society", "Social Discrimination in the Lao People's Democratic Republic", "Muay Lao, the forgotten art of kickboxing", "Laos Stumbles on Path to Sporting Glory", Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), ASEANRepublic of Korea Commemorative Summit, Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia, Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, ASEANAustralia Development Cooperation Program, Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Assemble parlementaire de la Francophonie, Agence de Coopration Culturelle et Technique, Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laos&oldid=1142166912, French-speaking countries and territories, Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, States and territories established in 1949, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations, Articles with failed verification from January 2021, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022, Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2021, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 21:55. Under Vietnamese pressure, he rebelled against the Siamese in 1826. The Mekong River forms a large part of the western boundary with Thailand, where the mountains of the Annamite Range form most of the eastern border with Vietnam and the Luang Prabang Range the northwestern border with the Thai highlands. Hanoi shares experience with Lao NA delegation. 500 BC - The Plain of Jars, one of the most important prehistoric sites in Southeast Asia, dates from between 500 BC and 500 AD. The Pathet Lao were backed militarily by the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the Viet Cong. French is also used in public works in central and southern Laos and Luang Prabang and is a language of diplomacy and of the elite classes, higher professions and elders. 4 min. [9] Durante o quarto milnio a.C., frascos de sepultamento e outros tipos de sepulcros sugerem uma sociedade complexa em que os objetos de bronze . [58] Laos had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.59/10, ranking it 98th globally out of 172 countries. Laos financed the remaining 30% with loans from . However, as of 2018, there are approximately 1.9million of Lao's population who could not access an improved water supply and 2.4million people without access to improved sanitation. [61] According to the October 2007 UNODC fact book Opium Poppy Cultivation in South East Asia, the poppy cultivation area was 15 square kilometres (5.8sqmi), down from 18 square kilometres (6.9sqmi) in 2006. [123] Approximately 77% of Lao farm households are self-sufficient in rice. According to linguistic and other historical evidence, Tai-speaking tribes migrated southwestward to the modern territories of Laos and Thailand from Guangxi sometime between the 8th and 10th centuries. Gunderson, Steve (18 May 1996) "State Department Outlines Resettlement Guidelines for Hmong Refugees". Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications", "Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme", Politics in Contemporary Southeast Asia: Authority, Democracy and Political Change, Renovation in Vietnam since 1988 a study in political, economic and social change, "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity", "Mekong Divides Different Worlds In 'Golden Triangle', "Opium Poppy Cultivation in South East Asia", "East Asia/Southeast Asia:: Laos The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency", "Laos promotes PM Thongloun as leader of communist party", "OEC Laos (LAO) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners", "Q+A What is the East Asia Summit all about? English, the language of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), has become increasingly studied in recent years. A Siamese military campaign in Laos in 1876 was described by a British observer as having been "transformed into slave-hunting raids on a large scale".[37]. It is a hand-woven silk skirt that can identify the woman who wears it in a variety of ways. However, historians claim the city was an ancient Khmer settlement that formed around a Hindu temple. [184], Laos has no tradition in other team sports. Five of them were arrested and subsequently sentenced to up to 10 years imprisonment on charges of treason. Many elements of Lao culture predate Buddhism. They were the indigenous inhabitants of northern Laos. The attack resulted in the RLA largely demobilising, leaving the conflict to irregular ethnic Hmong forces of the "Secret Army" backed by the United States and Thailand, and led by General Vang Pao. Nearly three-quarters of Laos is covered in mountains and forested hills that are too steep to live on. He describes his experience in the Lao capital in fine detail, making the minutiae come alive. Savada, Andrea Matles (editor) (1994) "Events in 1945". From 1975 to 1996, the United States resettled some 250,000 Lao refugees from Thailand, including 130,000 Hmong. [47] Between 1964 and 1973, the US dropped two million tons of bombs on Laos, nearly equal to the 2.1million tons of bombs the US dropped on Europe and Asia during all of World War II, making Laos the most heavily bombed country in history relative to the size of its population; The New York Times notes this was "nearly a ton for every person in Laos". While some Hmong people returned to Laos voluntarily, with development assistance from UNHCR, allegations of forced repatriation surfaced. The capital is Vientiane (Lao: Viangchan), located on the Mekong River in the northern portion of the country. [35] Anouvong was taken to Bangkok as a prisoner, where he died. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}18N 105E / 18N 105E / 18; 105. [141] Access rose rapidly from 10 percent in 1995 to 38 percent in 2008. Fa Ngum's eldest son, Oun Heuan, ascended to the throne under the name Samsenethai and reigned for 43years. Pakse is the capital and most populous city of Champasak Province in Southern Laos. [112] Laos is an origin country for sexually trafficked persons. [139]:3940, In 2004 the net primary enrollment rate was 84%. Lan Xang became an important trade centre during Samsenthai's reign, but after his death in 1421 it collapsed into warring factions for nearly a century. Buddha park in Vientiane, Laos. The city's central river port location in a country relying heavily on its rivers for transportation and its surrounding hinterland of intensive rice cultivation have made Vientiane the major economic centre of Laos. Compared to the hectic, bustling capitals in other South . It is a political term that includes the non-ethnic Lao groups within Laos and identifies them as "Laotian" because of their political citizenship. [46], During the First Indochina War, the Indochinese Communist Party formed the Pathet Lao independence organisation. Gently cut cilantro resting atop a raging furnace of flavor. [102][103], However, the government of Laos frequently breaches its own constitution and the rule of law, since the judiciary and judges are appointed by the ruling communist party. [144], Laos's population was estimated at 7.45million in 2020, dispersed unevenly across the country. [139]:19, The martial art of muay Lao, the national sport,[180] is a form of kickboxing similar to Thailand's muay Thai, Burmese Lethwei and Cambodian Pradal Serey. A new province, Xaisomboun province , was established on 13 December 2013. [104] Later reports have contradicted this, claiming they were sentenced to 20 years in prison. The organisation estimates that there are 173,800 French speakers in Laos (2010 est.). The area was originally settled because of the fertility of the surrounding alluvial plains, and Vientiane became the capital city of Laos around the mid-16th century. Laos is thus the 22nd biggest country in Asia and in terms of area ranked 84th worldwide. In a 23 October 1995 National Review article, Michael Johns, the former Heritage Foundation foreign policy expert and Republican White House aide, labelled the Hmong's repatriation a Clinton administration "betrayal", describing the Hmong as a people "who have spilled their blood in defense of American geopolitical interests". One of the most problematic economic sectors in Laos is transport. Other Hmong fighters hid out in mountains in Xiangkhouang Province for many years, with a remnant emerging from the jungle in 2003. [56], On 3 December 2021, the 422-kilometre Boten-Vientiane railway, a flagship of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was opened. [47][52] Laos was requested in 1979 by Vietnam to end relations with the People's Republic of China, leading to isolation in trade by China, the United States, and other countries. Choose our custom designed, flexible and unique Laos Tour Packages. [43] As late as 1945, the French drew up an ambitious plan to move massive Vietnamese population to three key areas, i.e., the Vientiane Plain, Savannakhet region, and the Bolaven Plateau, which was only derailed by the Japanese invasion of Indochina. Supply of foreign exchange has in the past been limited in Laos, which imposed a de facto limit on repatriation of capital. Laos applied for membership of the World Trade Organization in 1997; on 2 February 2013, it was granted full membership. Even the capital Vientiane feels like a relaxed riverfront town. ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE) Policy Brief Series, No 7. [citation needed], The Lao government controls all media channels to prevent critique of its actions. Take more wonderful experiences in this Mystery . Bangkok - Hanoi - Laos by Air 9 nights from $1,615*. Theravada Buddhism has coexisted peacefully since its introduction to the country with the local polytheism. Metallurgy is an important industry, and the government hopes to attract foreign investment to develop the substantial deposits of coal, gold, bauxite, tin, copper, and other valuable metals. [85] Several thousand Hmong people, fearing forced repatriation to Laos if they were not accepted for resettlement in the United States, fled the camp to live elsewhere within Thailand where a sizeable Hmong population has been present since the 19th century. [76], In 1989, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), with the support of the US government, instituted the Comprehensive Plan of Action, a programme to stem the tide of Indochinese refugees from Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia. [141] Laos's progress is notable in comparison to similar developing countries. Muay Lao is an ancient martial art practiced throughout Laos, but mainly in the capital of Vientiane. The Laos government, through attorney Colin M. Thompson, filed the petition on Monday and also named Lao . Em 2009, um antigo crnio foi encontrado em uma caverna nas montanhas Annamite, no norte do Laos. By 1940, around 600 French citizens lived in Laos. Additionally, the Khao San Pathet Lao, the country's official news agency, publishes English and French versions of its eponymous paper. The French language's decline was slower and occurred later than in Vietnam and Cambodia in Laos as the monarchy of Laos had close political relations with France. The Lao League is the top professional league for association football clubs in the country. 900-1300 AD - Most of Laos is subordinate to the Khmer Empire at Angkor. [126] In addition, the country's plentiful water resources and mountainous terrain enable it to produce and export large quantities of hydroelectric energy. [63] There is a distinct rainy season from May to October, followed by a dry season from November to April. The close ties between Laos and Vietnam were formalised via a treaty signed in 1977, which has since provided direction for Lao foreign policy, and provides the basis for Vietnamese involvement at all levels of Lao political and economic life. ::", "Global Religious Landscape; Table: Religious Composition by Country", "Human Development Report 2009. [65] Provinces are further divided into districts (muang) and then villages (ban). Traveling to Laos and visiting Vientiane capital, you must not miss Wat Sisaket temple. Authorities in Laos have reported a significant Covid-19 outbreak near the notorious Kings Romans casino, whose Chinese owner is accused by the United States of trafficking people, wildlife and drugs. 81 ] Debate on the royalist side in the Lao capital in fine,. Aside 21 % of Lao farm households are self-sufficient in rice the cultureand... Xang Avenue [ 175 ] Lao citizens who have criticised the government have been subjected enforced... 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