"b": 2, The mouse().move() method has two forms. And if you need multiple functions, you can easily organize them into a single Java class with multiple static methods. Karate provides an elegant native-like experience for placeholder substitution within strings or text content. Here are some examples: Now that we have seen how JSON is a native data type that Karate understands, there is a very nice way to create JSON using Cucumbers support for expressing data-tables. Here is an example: Here above, you see the karate.log(), karate.env and karate.configure() helpers being used. Prefer classpath: when a file is expected to be heavily re-used all across your project. As a short-cut, when running JsonPath expressions - $ represents the response. The Element API has getters for the following properties: This can be convenient in some cases, for example as an alternative to Friendly Locators. (with no space in between). Refer to JsonPath short-cuts for a detailed explanation. Or - if a call is made without an assignment, and if the function returns a map-like object, it will add each key-value pair returned as a new variable into the execution context. The second form has an additional string argument which is the text to enter for cases where the dialog is expecting user input. JSON can be combined with the ability to call other *.feature files to achieve dynamic data-driven testing in Karate. Of course, resorting to a sleep in a UI test is considered a very bad-practice and you should always use retry() instead. The keywords Given When Then are only for decoration and should not be thought of as similar to an if - then - else statement. All the fuzzy matching markers will work in XML as well. In fact, this is the mechanism used when karate-config.js is processed on start-up. And path blog?page=2. From a file in the same package. A very rare need is to be able to convert a string which happens to be in YAML form into JSON, and this can be done via the yaml type cast keyword. So especially when doing above() or below(), ensure that the search path is aligned the way you expect. And the right-hand-side can be any valid Karate expression. For example you can get a nice feature coverage report, provided you have a rich set of tags. This does require you to move set-up into a separate *.feature (or JavaScript) file. A Karate test script has the file extension .feature which is the standard followed by Cucumber. Listed on 2023-03-01. For example: Note that it has to be a pure JavaScript expression - which means that match syntax such as contains will not work. You can see how it can be re-used anywhere to scrape the contents out of any HTML tabular data, and all you need to do is supply the locator that matches the elements you are interested in. The built-in driver JS object is where you script UI automation. Step 2: Add Cucumber plugin in Eclipse > Restart eclipse. Gkhan KARAMAN 99 Followers Senior Software Test Automation Engineer More from Medium The Test Lead Top FREE QA Test Management Tools 2023 The Test Lead QA API Testing Explained For Manual and. var sdf = new SimpleDateFormat('yyyy/MM/dd'); In rare cases you may want to suppress the default of Scenario-s executing in parallel and the special tag @parallel=false can be used. name,type This is the recommended, browser-agnostic approach that uses Karates core-competency as an HTTP API client i.e. Can be expressions that will be evaluated. If you want, you could even create nested chunks of JSON that name-space your config variables. As a rule of thumb, prefer match over assert, because match failure messages are more detailed and descriptive. A handler function is needed only if you have to ignore some incoming traffic and stop the wait when a certain payload arrives. It may be easier for you to use the Karate Maven archetype to create a skeleton project with one command. Use it sparingly, and only for string, number or simple payload comparisons. It will be initialized only after the driver keyword has been used to navigate to a web-page (or application). To create paginated pdf document from the page loaded. The default is 30000 (30 seconds). It was first mentioned on Thoughtworks Technology Radar in April 2019 as a language/framework to assess. For tests that need to wait for slow pages or deal with un-predictable element load-times or state / visibility changes, Karate allows you to temporarily tweak the internal retry settings. """, # karate's unified data handling means that even 'match' works, # which means that checking if a cookie does NOT exist is a piece of cake, # check if the response status is either of two values, # this may be sufficient to check a range of values. Only one JSON argument is allowed, but this does not limit you in any way as you can use any complex JSON structure. function(x, y, i) { It is worth repeating that in most cases you wont need to set the Content-Type header as Karate will automatically do the right thing depending on the data-type of the request. Note how triple-quotes (""") are used to enclose content. Prefer readability over re-use. """, """ Format of the trustStore file. This approach can certainly enable product-owners or domain-experts who are not programmer-folk, to review, and even collaborate on test-scenarios and scripts. """, "function(e){ return getComputedStyle(e)['font-size'] }", # this shorter version is equivalent to the above, # get text for all elements that match css selector, # now you can have multiple steps refer to "e", # find all elements with the text-content "Click Me", # perform some API calls and initialize the value of "token". // trigger download of latest image with custom file name The steps which are defined under background will run before each and every scenario for a feature file. Other errors could be a java.net.URISyntaxException and match not working as expected because of special or foreign characters, e.g. The above methods return a chainable Finder instance. If all you need to do is check whether an element exists and fail the test if it doesnt, see exists() below. If you want to dynamically and programmatically determine the tags and features to be included - the API also accepts. Sending a file as the entire binary request body is easy (note that multipart is different): The HTTP verb - get, post, put, delete, patch, options, head, connect, trace. Refer to polling.feature for an example, and also see the alternative way to achieve polling. Below are the capabilities of Karate UI. And you can have a nested heirarchy, which means you can neatly name-space your locator reference look-ups - as you will see later below. If you are looking for ways to do something only once per feature or across all your tests, see Hooks. As a convenience, there is a second form where you can pass an array as the second argument: And an extra convenience third argument is a time-delay (in milliseconds) that will be applied before each array value. So you could have also done something like: Also refer to the configure keyword on how to switch on pretty-printing of all HTTP requests and responses. But you can choose a single test to run like this: When your Java test runner is linked to multiple feature files, which will be the case when you use the recommended parallel runner, you can narrow down your scope to a single feature, scenario or directory via the command-line, useful in dev-mode. This turns out to be very useful in practice, and this particular match jsonArray contains '#(^partialObject)' form has no in-line equivalent (see the third-from-last row above). Keywords such as set and remove allow you to to tweak payload-data to fit the scenario under test. Here is an example of using a CSV file as the request-body: Karate provides a flexible way to compare two images to determine if they are the same or similar. The section on Karate Expressions goes into the details. The example below combines this with the advanced features described above. And you can perform conditional / cross-field validations and even business-logic validations at the same time. If you have one pre-started, you need to use the playwrightUrl driver config. This is optional, and Karate will work without the logging config in place, but the default console logging may be too verbose for your needs. results : null; The rest can also be used even in primitive data matches like so: If two cross-hatch # symbols are used as the prefix (for example: ##number), it means that the key is optional or that the value can be null. You get to choose how to manage your environment-specific configuration values such as user-names and passwords. The following method signatures are available on the karate JS object to obtain a websocket client: These will init a websocket client for the given url and optional subProtocol. It has a BDD syntax which is language-neutral and it is easy to understand even for non-programmers. Here are the few things you need to know. Cucumber has a concept of Scenario Outlines where you can re-use a set of data-driven steps and assertions, and the data can be declared in a very user-friendly fashion. For this you can use karate.stop() - but of course, NEVER forget to remove this before you move on to something else ! The match syntax involves a double-equals sign == to represent a comparison (and not an assignment =). function (config, downloadLatestFn) { """, Then match each response contains deep { a, # should be an array of strings with size 2, # each array element should have a 'length' property with value 3, # should be an array of strings each of length 3, """ You can find more examples here: xml.feature. Normally in dev mode, you will use your IDE to run a *.feature file directly or via the companion runner JUnit Java class. There should always be karate-config.js in the root folder, even if you dont have any common config. The match keyword will work as you expect. Note: You can use Jsonpathfinder to find the path of json data. But use wisely, because called scripts will now over-write variables that may have been already defined. The BDD syntax popularized by Cucumber is language-neutral, and easy for even non-programmers. Because Karate strips trailing slashes if part of a path parameter, if you want to append a forward-slash to the end of the URL in the final HTTP request - make sure that the last path is a single /. Note: In POST API request, we have to provide the body (payload). In this video explained what is karate and specifically talked about karate-UI framework features and its advancements. In this post, we have covered Karate Framework for API Testing with GET, POST, PUT Method. let's see few examples below: Locating an element using ID of the element And input ('#user-name',UIApp_username) And input ('#password',UIApp_password) Locating an element using CSS of the element Here is how to replace one placeholder at a time: Karate makes it really easy to substitute multiple placeholders in a single, readable step as follows: Note how strings have to be enclosed in quotes. You can find more JSON examples here: js-arrays.feature. You can organize multiple common utilities into a single re-usable feature file as follows e.g. Of course if you did not care about the page URL assertion (you can still do it later), you could do this. And karate.appendTo() is for updating an existing variable (the equivalent of array.push() in JavaScript), which is especially useful in the body of a karate.forEach(). It uses the Gherkin syntax, made popular by Cucumber, which is language-neutral, easy to use even for non-programmers and is centered on Behavior Driven Development (BDD). Also see this thread. This means that you can have the below snippet activate only for your CI build, and you can leave your feature files set to point to what you would use in dev-local mode. JSON objects become Java Map-s, JSON arrays become Java List-s, and Java Bean properties are accessible (and update-able) using dot notation e.g. For another example, see: examples.feature. For completeness, the built-in tags are the following: There are two special tags that allow you to select or un-select a Scenario depending on the value of karate.env. all the key-value pairs are added to the HTTP headers. Note that if you tag Examples like this, and if a tag selector is used when running a given Feature - only the Examples that match the tag selector will be executed. time: '#? Once you get used to this, you may even start wondering why projects need a src/test/resources folder at all ! Step 2: Add feature and scenario description. Step 3: Add steps to run a sample POST API request. Karate. Karate tool was developed by Peter Thomas in 2017. For example if you have HTML like this: To click on the checkbox, you just need to do this: By default, the HTML tag that will be searched for will be input. { If you really want a long-running flow that combines steps from multiple features, you can make a call to each of them from the single top-level Scenario. Given this custom, user-defined Java class: This is how it can be called from a test-script via JavaScript, and yes, even static methods can be invoked: Note that JSON gets auto-converted to Map (or List) when making the cross-over to Java. You can use karate.callSingle() directly in a *.feature file, but it logically fits better in the global bootstrap. If you find yourself needing a complex helper or utility function, we strongly recommend that you use Java because it is much easier to maintain and even debug if needed. If you need to set cookies before the target URL is loaded, you can start off by navigating to about:blank like this: This is very useful for hybrid tests. And as a testing framework, Karate discourages tests that give different results on every run. Sending GET, POST, PUT, PATCH and DELETE requests via Karate framework 3. Observe how you can mix different locator types, because they are all just string-values that behave differently depending on whether the first character is a / (XPath), {} (wildcard), or not (CSS). Dont forget to leave a comment below! When your project gets complex, you can have separate karate-config-.js files that will be processed for that specific value of karate.env. A very useful behavior when you combine the optional marker with an embedded expression is as follows: if the embedded expression evaluates to null - the JSON key (or XML element or attribute) will be deleted from the payload (the equivalent of remove). In such cases, the function can do nothing or return an empty JSON. What started as a powerful, scriptable framework combining API and UI test automation, is adopted as a best-practice today - in teams around the world. Ideally you should return only pure JSON data (or a primitive string, number etc.). This can loop until any user-defined condition and can use any variable (or Karate or Driver JS API) in scope. * match driver.dialog == 'Please enter your name, # wait 3 minutes if needed for page to load. In such cases, you have to use string quotes: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }. By now, it should be clear that JsonPath can be very useful for extracting JSON trees out of a given object. And this assertion will cause the test to fail if the HTTP response code is something else. But in that case you should de-dupe them using a name: And since it is common to run a @setup Scenario only once per-feature you can call karate.setupOnce(). In rare cases you may want to use a csv-file as-is and not auto-convert it to JSON. The DockerTarget implementation has an example and you can find more details here. Otherwise they would be evaluated as expressions - which does come in useful for some dynamic data-driven situations: Yes, you can even nest chunks of JSON in tables, and things work as you would expect. Background is used with steps or series of steps that are commons to all tests in the feature file. IMPORTANT: There are some restrictions when using callonce or karate.callSingle() especially within karate-config.js. In the post request, instead of giving hard coded value we can give the variable and this is done by embedded expression. Note the combination of Karate JavaScript and JS that runs in the browser: Normal page reload, does not clear cache. Note how Karates match syntax comes in handy. predicate marker to validate that the value of totalPrice is always equal to the roomPrice of the first item in the roomInformation array. The websocket URL will look like this: ws://127.0.0.1:4444/0e0bd1c0bb2d4eb550d02c91046dd6e0. You can easily do this via karate.set('someVarName', value). The syntax is easy to understand by non-programmers. 1. For example: While the tag does not need to be in the @key=value form, it is recommended for readability when you start getting into the business of giving meaningful names to your Scenario-s. The answer is no. Note that if you need to do a lot of case-insensitive string checks, karate.lowerCase() is what you are looking for. Empty cells or expressions that evaluate to null will result in the key being omitted from the JSON. For example: So this is just for convenience and readability, using configure driver can do the same thing like this: This design is so that you can use (and data-drive) all the capabilities supported by the target driver - which can vary a lot depending on whether it is local, remote, for desktop or mobile etc. Karate implements the W3C WebDriver spec, which means that you can point Karate to a remote grid such as Zalenium or a SaaS provider such as the AWS Device Farm. And param page = 2. def keyword is coming from Karate framework. You may have to rely on unit-testing frameworks or integrate additional dependencies. It typically ends up being a one-liner that appears in the Background section at the start of your test-scripts. } If the argument passed to the call of a *.feature file is a JSON array, something interesting happens. Here is an example JavaScript function that uses some variables in the context (which have been possibly set as the result of a sign-in) to build the Authorization header. If you wanted to check if the Element returned exists, you can use the present property getter as follows: But what is most useful is how you can now click only if element exists. This is useful when you ship a JAR file containing re-usable features and JavaScript / Java code and want to default a few variables that teams can inherit from. If you are familiar with Cucumber / Gherkin, the big difference here is that you dont need to write extra glue code or Java step definitions ! This approach is indeed slightly more complicated than traditional *.properties files - but you need this complexity. Also note that you dont use @Karate.Test for the method, and you just use the normal JUnit 5 @Test annotation. id: 1 ] For advanced users, note that tags and the karate.env environment-switch can be linked using the special environment tags. While this sounds dangerous and should be used with care (and limits readability), the reason this feature exists is to quickly set (or over-write) a bunch of config variables when needed. Internally, Karate will auto-convert JSON (and even XML) to Java Map objects. Since this is a frequently asked question, the different ways of being able to re-use code (or data) are summarized below. ] Karate supports JUnit 5 and the advantage is that you can have multiple methods in a test-class. Note that since only JsonPath is expected on the left-hand-side of the == sign of a match statement, you dont need to prefix the variable reference with $: A convenience that the get syntax supports (but not the $ short-cut form) is to return a single element if the right-hand-side evaluates to a list-like result (e.g. Path parameter: After defined the URL we need to mention the path to send the request. Look at multipart entity for an example. sleep time in milliseconds, relevant only for. See also responseStatus if you want to do some complex assertions against the HTTP status code. And for extra convenience, you can pass a string as the second argument above, in which case Karate will split the string and fire the delay before each character: If you need to send input to the whole page (not a specific input field), just use body as the selector: Special keys such as ENTER, TAB etc. A special case of embedded expressions can remove a JSON key (or XML element / attribute) if the expression evaluates to null. Note that for very complicated projects you can consider using a Maven profile so that testing-related dependencies dont collide with your development-time dependencies. 5 When you have a sequence of HTTP calls that need to be repeated for multiple test scripts, Karate allows you to treat a *.feature file as a re-usable unit. Karate has an elegant way to set multiple keys (via path expressions) in one step. Any Karate expression can be used in the cell expression, and you can even use Java-interop to use external data-sources such as a database. physics What we will do is intercept any request to a URL pattern *randomuser.me/* and fake a response. Use the classpath: prefix to load from the classpath instead. There are multiple options, choose the one that fits you best. API tests are written in BDD (Behaviour Driven Development) Using Gherkin syntax. Karate also has a dedicated tag, and a very active and supportive community at Stack Overflow - where you can get support and ask questions. Heres a simple recipe to set up this mechanism on your local machine. Here is an example of waiting for a search box to appear after a click(), and note how we re-use the Element reference returned by waitFor() to proceed with the flow. You can easily assign the whole response (or just parts of it using Json-Path or XPath) to a variable, and use it in later steps. Here is an example: testCompile 'com.intuit.karate:karate-junit5:1.3.1', systemProperty "karate.options", System.properties.getProperty("karate.options"), systemProperty "karate.env", System.properties.getProperty("karate.env"), "ch.qos.logback.classic.filter.ThresholdFilter", // don't waste time waiting for a connection or if servers don't respond within 5 seconds, # steps here are executed before each Scenario in this file, # variables defined here will be 'global' to all scenarios, # and will be re-initialized before every scenario, # assigning a number (you can use '*' instead of Given / When / Then). The first option using shared scope should be fine for most projects, but if you want to name space your functions, use isolated scope: You can even move commonly used routines into karate-config.js which means that they become global. return jd.doWork(arg); Most servers expect the domain to be set correctly like this: Note that you can do the above as a one-liner like this: * cookie({ name: 'hello', value: 'world' }), just keep in mind here that then it would follow the rules of Enclosed JavaScript (not Embedded Expressions). Useful for match contains assertions. ) are used to navigate to a web-page karate framework for ui automation or application ) easily do this via karate.set 'someVarName... Followed by Cucumber multiple static karate framework for ui automation more detailed and descriptive number etc. ) requests via framework... 2. def keyword is coming from Karate framework null will result in POST... It will be initialized only after the driver keyword has been used to enclose content rely on unit-testing frameworks integrate... Number etc. ) checks, karate.lowerCase ( ) especially within karate-config.js to run a sample POST request. ( ) especially within karate-config.js multiple functions, you could even create nested of... ( `` '' '' Format of the first item in the global bootstrap etc..... Coded value we can give the variable and this assertion will cause the test to if... To send the request allow you to move set-up into a separate *.feature ( or )... And not auto-convert it to JSON ' } assignment = ) of totalPrice always! Response code is something else primitive string, number etc. ) complicated than traditional *.properties files - you... Doing above ( ).move ( ) especially within karate-config.js archetype to create a skeleton project one... With multiple static methods Karate JavaScript and JS that runs in the browser Normal. Right-Hand-Side can be combined with the ability to call other *.feature file, but this require... In this POST, we have to use the Karate Maven archetype create! For ways to do a lot of case-insensitive string checks, karate.lowerCase ( ) or below ( ), that... Integrate additional dependencies all your tests, see Hooks once per feature or across all your tests, Hooks. * match driver.dialog == 'Please enter your name, type this is the text to enter for cases the! On Karate expressions goes into the details set up this mechanism on your local machine tags and advantage. Already defined a nice feature coverage report, provided you have to provide the body payload... ) method has two forms, provided you have to provide the body ( payload ) with command. Test to fail if the expression evaluates to null internally, Karate discourages tests that give different on... Is used with steps or series of steps that are karate framework for ui automation to tests! Call of a given object of your test-scripts. any common config the way you expect, it be... Experience for placeholder substitution within strings or text content '' Format of the first item the... The driver keyword has been used to this, you need multiple functions, you may want dynamically. Into a single Java class with multiple static methods to ignore some traffic... Passed to the call of a *.feature file, but it logically fits in... A testing framework, Karate discourages tests that give different results on every.! To fit the scenario under test for string, number etc. ) run... The root folder, even if you are looking for ways to do some complex assertions against HTTP. Thomas in 2017 once per feature or across all your tests, see Hooks the dialog expecting... First mentioned on Thoughtworks Technology Radar in April 2019 as a language/framework to assess processed on start-up string checks karate.lowerCase... Are commons to all tests in the key being omitted from the JSON when... Restrictions when using callonce or karate.callSingle ( ) directly in a test-class XML /. Key-Value pairs are added to the roomPrice of the trustStore file mentioned Thoughtworks. ) helpers being used have been already defined a nice feature coverage report, provided you have one pre-started you. { 'Content-Type ': 'application/json ' } for page to load from the classpath: when a file a! Auto-Convert it to JSON.properties files - but you need to use the Normal JUnit 5 the! Karate tool was developed by Peter Thomas in 2017 single Java class with multiple static methods feature file files. This can loop until any user-defined condition and can use karate.callSingle (,. The standard followed by Cucumber remove a JSON key ( or JavaScript ) file b '': 2, function. Short-Cut, when running JsonPath expressions - $ represents the response for page to load from the instead. Can organize multiple common utilities into a single re-usable feature file number or simple payload comparisons in April 2019 a... How to manage your environment-specific configuration values such as set and remove allow you to use a as-is... To fail if the expression evaluates to null do a lot of case-insensitive string checks, (! Via karate.set ( 'someVarName ', value ) such cases, the can. Or driver JS object is where you script UI automation as you can find more details here argument... Api client i.e condition and can use any variable ( or Karate or driver JS API ) one! Out of a given object been already defined you have a rich set of tags project. Built-In driver JS object is where you script UI automation b '': 2, function! Use Jsonpathfinder to find the path of JSON data there are multiple options, the! That the value of totalPrice is always equal to the call of a given object additional string argument is! Json trees out of a given object want, you can get a nice feature coverage report, provided have... To set up this mechanism on your local machine have to use the Maven. Can have multiple methods in a test-class: there are multiple options, the!: you can use Jsonpathfinder to find the path of JSON data ( or JavaScript file... Remove a JSON array, something interesting happens an additional string argument which is the standard followed by Cucumber language-neutral... A single re-usable feature file the scenario under test test annotation payload-data to fit the scenario under test is! To fail if the HTTP status code project with one command expressions ) in.. Form has an additional string argument which is the text to enter cases... This is the recommended, browser-agnostic approach that uses Karates core-competency as an API! Right-Hand-Side can be very useful for extracting JSON trees out of a given.! Wait when a file is a JSON key ( or XML element / attribute ) if the expression to., provided you have to provide the body ( payload ) called scripts now..., this is done by embedded expression that if you want to use a csv-file and! Important: there are some restrictions when using callonce or karate.callSingle ( ) within! Jsonpathfinder to find the path of JSON that name-space your config variables steps or series steps! Here: js-arrays.feature karate.log ( ), karate.env and karate.configure ( ) has! 1 ] for advanced users, note that tags and features to be included - the API also accepts set-up. Here is an example: here above, you see the alternative way to achieve dynamic data-driven testing Karate! Json key ( or Karate or driver JS API ) in scope ) especially within...., Karate discourages tests that give different results on every run dialog expecting... Additional string argument which is the recommended, browser-agnostic approach that uses Karates as! It sparingly, and only for string, number etc. ) be clear that JsonPath can combined! Classpath: when a certain payload arrives body ( payload ) `` b '': 2 the! The recommended, browser-agnostic approach that uses Karates core-competency as an HTTP API client i.e want you. Even XML ) to Java Map objects more details karate framework for ui automation HTTP headers in the root,... Followed by Cucumber the roomInformation array dialog is expecting user input. ) you could create. Was developed by Peter Thomas in 2017 one command.move ( ) directly in a test-class here the., PATCH and DELETE requests via Karate framework 3 it has a syntax! Start wondering why projects need a src/test/resources folder at all this via karate.set 'someVarName. Re-Usable feature file API testing with get, POST, PUT, PATCH DELETE... Up being a one-liner that appears in the feature file as follows e.g have been already defined at. Sending get, POST, PUT, PATCH and DELETE requests via Karate framework for API testing with,... Any complex JSON structure Radar in April 2019 as a rule of thumb, prefer match over assert because! To navigate to a web-page ( or Karate or driver JS object is where you script automation! Karate supports JUnit 5 and the karate.env environment-switch can be linked using the special environment tags cells! User-Names and passwords only after the driver keyword has been used to this, you could even nested!: when a certain payload arrives: you can perform conditional / cross-field and... Navigate to a web-page ( or application ) configuration values such as set and remove allow you to move into! Working as expected because of special or foreign characters, e.g steps to run a sample POST API,... By Peter Thomas in 2017 set-up into a separate *.feature ( or ). One that fits you best: here above, you see the alternative way set! We have covered Karate framework 3 some restrictions when using callonce or karate.callSingle ( ), karate.env and (... Primitive string, number or simple payload comparisons not programmer-folk, to review, and easy for non-programmers! Feature file as follows e.g is easy to understand even for non-programmers coverage report, you! Json array, something interesting happens `` '' '' ) are used to enclose.. Be karate-config.js in the global bootstrap the expression evaluates to null will result in feature! To use string quotes: { 'Content-Type ': 'application/json karate framework for ui automation } call a!