[106] Larry Doby, who broke the color line in the American League the same year as Robinson, said, "One of the things that was disappointing and disheartening to a lot of the black players at the time was that Jack was not the best player. [134] On April 15, Robinson made his major league debut at the relatively advanced age of 28 at Ebbets Field before a crowd of 26,623 spectators, more than 14,000 of whom were black. "[186] He finished the season with 106 runs scored, a batting average of .335, and 25 stolen bases. [267][268] The experience with his son's drug addiction turned Robinson Sr. into an avid anti-drug crusader toward the end of his life. [72] Robinson's performance soon rebounded. [140] According to a press report, the St. Louis Cardinals threatened to strike if Robinson played and spread the walkout across the entire National League. [302] Ultimately, more than 200 players wore number 42, including the entire rosters of the Los Angeles Dodgers, New York Mets, Houston Astros, Philadelphia Phillies, St. Louis Cardinals, Milwaukee Brewers, and Pittsburgh Pirates. After his father abandoned the family in 1920, they moved. Feb 27, 2023, 12:45 PM EST. Those who do it will encounter quick retribution. [43][44] They went undefeated with four ties at 604. [112], Robinson's presence was controversial in racially segregated Florida. [56][57] Although the Army's initial July 1941 guidelines for OCS had been drafted as race neutral, few black applicants were admitted into OCS until after subsequent directives by Army leadership. [52][110][111], In 1946, Robinson arrived at Daytona Beach, Florida, for spring training with the Montreal Royals of the Class AAA International League. [17] He played shortstop and catcher on the baseball team, quarterback on the football team, and guard on the basketball team. [77] The job included coaching the school's basketball team for the 194445 season. high-school baseball, "Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 19811989", "Jackie Robinson receives Congressional Gold Medal", "Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver Announce the California Hall of Fame 2007 Inductees", "Steele Field at Jackie Robinson Stadium", "Jack Roosevelt "Jackie" Robinson Daytona Beach, Florida", "Robinson 'stood up for what he believed', "Fearing gang violence, school forfeits a game", "Historic sports sites rarely take landmark status", "Residents Want To Turn Jackie Robinson's Brooklyn Home into City Landmark", "NYC Parks unveils renovated Jackie Robinson Park in Harlem", "A Closer Look at New York City's Historic Harlem Parks (Part II)", "The Jackie Robinson Commemorative Coin Set", "Mayor Giuliani Unveils the New Jackie Robinson Parkway Sign", "Jersey City, Journal Square, plaque at base of Jackie Robinson statue", "Jackie Robinson's old Montreal apartment to be commemorated by U.S. government", "UCLA Honors Jackie Robinson by Retiring #42 Across All Sports", "201112 UCLA Men's Basketball Media Guide", "UCLA Basketball Notebook: Wooden Won't Make Trip To Indianapolis", "The Numbers Game From 00 To 99, Which Player Would You Choose for the All-Time Southern California Roster? [241], On June 4, 1972, the Dodgers retired his uniform number, 42, alongside those of Roy Campanella (39) and Sandy Koufax (32). [255] He made his final public appearance on October 15, 1972, nine days before his death,[256] throwing the ceremonial first pitch before Game2 of the World Series at Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati. [9][93] In a famous three-hour exchange on August 28, 1945,[94] Rickey asked Robinson if he could face the racial animus without taking the bait and reacting angrilya concern given Robinson's prior arguments with law enforcement officials at PJC and in the military. [40][41], He was one of four black players on the Bruins' 1939 football team; the others were Woody Strode, Kenny Washington, and Ray Bartlett. Sources point to various reasons for Robinson's departure from UCLA. Jackie Robinson, byname of Jack Roosevelt Robinson, (born January 31, 1919, Cairo, Georgia, U.S.died October 24, 1972, Stamford, Connecticut), the first Black baseball player to play in the American major leagues during the 20th century. "[99], Although he required Robinson to keep the arrangement a secret for the time being, Rickey committed to formally signing Robinson before November 1, 1945. [280] In 1999, he was named by Time on its list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. 1950), and David Robinson (b. For other people named Jackie Robinson, see, Robinson with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1954, The number 42 worn by Robinson on a plaque at Monument Park (left), and Jackie Robinson Rotunda inside Citi Field (right), MVP, Congressional testimony, and film biography (19481950), Pennant races and outside interests (19511953), World Championship and retirement (19541956). Jackie Jr. (born in 1946) fought in the army, but got into drugs when he returned. [199] Since Robinson had sold exclusive rights to any retirement story to Look magazine two years previously,[199] his retirement decision was revealed through the magazine, instead of through the Dodgers organization. His best day at the plate was on June 17, when he hit two home runs and two doubles. [77][78] Although his teams were outmatched by opponents, Robinson was respected as a disciplinarian coach,[64] and drew the admiration of, among others, Langston University basketball player Marques Haynes, a future member of the Harlem Globetrotters. "[189] The 1952 season was the last year Robinson was an everyday starter at second base. [269], Robinson did not outlive his son by very long. [34], An incident at PJC illustrated Robinson's impatience with authority figures he perceived as racista character trait that would resurface repeatedly in his life. The following January, approximately 1,000 people marched on New Year's Day to the airport,[234][235] which was desegregated shortly thereafter. [201] Robinson's breaking of the baseball color line and his professional success symbolized these broader changes and demonstrated that the fight for equality was more than simply a political matter. While Mr. Robinson patrolled second base, his wife, Rachel, was combing the Connecticut suburbs for a family home. He come to beat ya. [244] Robinson also chaired the NAACP's million-dollar Freedom Fund Drive in 1957, and served on the organization's board until 1967. [200], Robinson's major league debut brought an end to approximately sixty years of segregation in professional baseball, known as the baseball color line. Jesse Jackson gave the eulogy. They were the only black family on their block, and the prejudice they encountered only strengthened their bond. [6][7] Robinson played in six World Series and contributed to the Dodgers' 1955 World Series championship. On April 18, 1946, Roosevelt Stadium hosted the Jersey City Giants' season opener against the Montreal Royals, marking the professional debut of the Royals' Jackie Robinson and the first time the color barrier had been broken in a game between two minor league clubs. Jackie Robinson married Rachel Isum in 1946. For the family of Baseball Hall of Famer Jackie Robinson, it's an honor they've had An embarrassing mistake on a New York street sign named in honor of Jackie Robinson is going viral. Jackie Robinson was the youngest of five children, born in 1919 in Cairo, Georgia. David Robinson created Sweet Unity Farms, a group of 300 small farms in Tanzania. Also Known As. [171], In 1950, Robinson led the National League in double plays made by a second baseman with 133. In high. [162][204][207] Robinson was one of only two players during the span of 194756 to accumulate at least 125 steals while registering a slugging percentage over .425 (Minnie Mioso was the other). Overcoming his dejection, Robinson dutifully observed Thomson's feet to ensure he touched all the bases. Jackie Robinson. [167] Sisler taught Robinson to anticipate a fastball, on the theory that it is easier to subsequently adjust to a slower curveball. [135] Robinson became the first player since 1884 to openly break the major league baseball color line. "[157] Greenberg had advised him to overcome his critics by defeating them in games. This is the United States of America and one citizen has as much right to play as another. [55] Robinson then accepted an offer from his old friend and pastor Rev. While at Fort Hood, Robinson often used his weekend leave to visit the Rev. [127] Robinson proceeded to lead the International League that season with a .349 batting average and .985 fielding percentage,[23] and he was named the league's Most Valuable Player. [316] On August 20, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and his wife, Maria Shriver, announced that Robinson was inducted into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts in Sacramento. [82][83] The hectic travel schedule also placed a burden on his relationship with Isum, with whom he could now communicate only by letter. Jackie Robinson and his wife, Rachel, had three children: Jackie Jr., Sharon and David. Between the tours, he underwent surgery on his right ankle. [93] For the performance Robinson earned the Most Valuable Player Award for the National League. This parkway bisects the cemetery in close proximity to Robinson's gravesite. [19] As a result, Robinson joined a neighborhood gang, but his friend Carl Anderson persuaded him to abandon it. [23][24], At Muir Tech, Robinson played numerous sports at the varsity level and lettered in four of them: football, basketball, track, and baseball. [168][169], That year, a song about Robinson by Buddy Johnson, "Did You See Jackie Robinson Hit That Ball? Louis. Jackie Robinson broke the MLB color barrier with the Dodgers on April 15, 1947 in the National League. "[139], Robinson was also derided by opposing teams. [336][337][338][339] In a move paralleling that of MLB when it retired the number, UCLA allowed three athletes (in women's soccer, softball, and football) who were already wearing 42 to continue to do so for the remainder of their UCLA careers. 1986 Words8 Pages. [66][70], After Robinson's commander in the 761st, Paul L. Bates, refused to authorize the legal action,[71] Robinson was summarily transferred to the 758th Battalionwhere the commander quickly consented to charge Robinson with multiple offenses, including, among other charges, public drunkenness, even though Robinson did not drink. Larry Doby broke the American League color barrier on July 5, 1947 with the Cleveland Indians. This guy didn't just come to play. [75] Robinson took the former player's advice and wrote to Monarchs co-owner Thomas Baird. [135] Although he failed to get a base hit, he walked and scored a run in the Dodgers' 53 victory. He gratefully accepted a plaque honoring the twenty-fifth anniversary of his MLB debut, but also commented, "I'm going to be tremendously more pleased and more proud when I look at that third base coaching line one day and see a black face managing in baseball. Robinson died at age 85 at a hospital in Pasadena on March 12, 2000. [179] Rickey shortly thereafter became general manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates. Afterward, Robinson played variously at first, second, and third bases, shortstop, and in the outfield, with Jim Gilliam, another black player, taking over everyday second base duties. [262] She and Jackie had three children: Jackie Robinson Jr. (19461971), Sharon Robinson (b. Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born on January 31, 1919, into a family of sharecroppers in Cairo, Georgia. [275] Robinson's daughter, Sharon, became a midwife, educator, director of educational programming for MLB, and the author of two books about her father. He was the youngest of five children, after siblings Edgar, Frank, Matthew (nicknamed "Mack"), and Willa Mae. [141], Robinson nonetheless became the target of rough physical play by opponents (particularly the Cardinals). He was also a member of the tennis team. The local Boys and Girls . The people were so welcoming and saw Jack as a player and as a man. At Sisler's suggestion, Robinson spent hours at a batting tee, learning to hit the ball to right field. [23], In 1965, Robinson served as an analyst for ABC's Major League Baseball Game of the Week telecasts, the first black person to do so. Complications from heart disease and diabetes weakened Robinson and made him almost blind by middle age. 1. [123][124] Robinson made his Royals debut at Daytona Beach's City Island Ballpark on March 17, 1946, in an exhibition game against the team's parent club, the Dodgers. Although the team enjoyed ultimate success, 1955 was the worst year of Robinson's individual career. That season, the Dodgers' Don Newcombe became the first black major league pitcher to win twenty games in a year. 42. During the last game of the regular season, in the 13th inning, he had a hit to tie the game and then hit a home run in the 14th inning, which proved to be the winning margin. I think that's one of the reasons why Josh died so earlyhe was heartbroken. April 13, 2010. "[33] Also while at PJC, he was elected to the Lancers, a student-run police organization responsible for patrolling various school activities. He was born during a Spanish flu and smallpox epidemic. [195] Robinson, then 36 years old,[196] missed 49 games and did not play in Game 7 of the World Series. [64] As it was a fledgling program, few students tried out for the basketball team, and Robinson even resorted to inserting himself into the lineup for exhibition games. He come to stuff the goddamn bat right up your ass."[215]. . [132][133], In 1947, the Dodgers called Robinson up to the major leagues six days before the start of the season. January 31, 1919 Georgia. ", reached number13 on the charts; Count Basie recorded a famous version. Jackie Robinson was born in 1919 into a family of sharecroppers in Cairo, Georgia, and went on to become the first black player in the modern era of Major League Baseball. "[93][95] Rickey replied that he needed a Negro player "with guts enough not to fight back. "[334], On November 22, 2014, UCLA announced that it would officially retire the number 42 across all university sports, effective immediately. [102] In what was later referred to as "The Noble Experiment",[52][103] Robinson was the first black baseball player in the International League since the 1880s. [243][253] In 1968 he broke with the Republican party and supported Hubert Humphrey against Nixon in that year's presidential election. Robinson's older brother was a silver medalist at the Olympics. [313], Since 2004, the Aflac National High School Baseball Player of the Year has been presented the "Jackie Robinson Award". How these 3 hashtags from Black . [261] She also served on the board of the Freedom National Bank until it closed in 1990. All will be suspended and I don't care if it wrecks the National League for five years. [152] Dodgers teammate Pee Wee Reese once came to Robinson's defense with the famous line, "You can hate a man for many reasons. He was the youngest of five children born to Mallie (McGriff) and Jerry Robinson, after siblings Edgar, Frank, Matthew (nicknamed "Mack"), and Willa Mae. [265] After his discharge, he struggled with drug problems. Born on January 31 51 Deceased on October 24 41 Baseball 44 Family tree Report an error Robinson Willis 1842 - 1870 Robinson Violet 1840 - Love Henry 1848 - Henderson Clara 1845 - 1920 McGriff Jacob 1805 - McGriff Rutha 1810 - Sims Henry 1845 - 1921 Pullens Lucy 1834 - 1904 Robinson Tony 1862 - 1932 Henderson Florence 1864 - 1951 McGriff Washington [113][114][115] Since the Dodgers organization did not own a spring training facility,[116] scheduling was subject to the whim of area localities, several of which turned down any event involving Robinson or Johnny Wright, another black player whom Rickey had signed to the Dodgers' organization in January. [259][260], After Robinson's retirement from baseball, his wife Rachel Robinson pursued a career in academic nursing. [128] Although he often faced hostility while on road trips (the Royals were forced to cancel a Southern exhibition tour, for example),[72] the Montreal fan base enthusiastically supported Robinson. [296][297] There have also been calls for MLB to retire number 21 league-wide in honor of Roberto Clemente, a sentiment opposed by the Robinson family. [322] The New York Public School system has named a middle school after Robinson,[323] and Dorsey High School plays at a Los Angeles football stadium named after him. He died of heart attack at the age of 53, and his funeral was attended by thousands of people. From gang member to world-famous baseball player, Jackie Robinson helped break down barriers for African American athletes, proving that they can not only compete, but excel, in a variety of sports. Karl Downs. [249] After supporting Richard Nixon in his 1960 presidential race against John F. Kennedy, Robinson later praised Kennedy effusively for his stance on civil rights. [23][243] Robinson always considered his business career as advancing the cause of black people in commerce and industry. [183][184], During the 1951 season, Robinson led the National League in double plays made by a second baseman for the second year in a row, with 137. "[151], However, Robinson received significant encouragement from several major league players. [162] The year saw the release of a film biography of Robinson's life, The Jackie Robinson Story, in which Robinson played himself,[174] and actress Ruby Dee played Rachel "Rae" (Isum) Robinson. [35][64], An event on July 6, 1944, derailed Robinson's military career. [190], In 1953, Robinson had 109 runs, a .329 batting average, and 17 steals,[162] leading the Dodgers to another National League pennant (and another World Series loss to the Yankees, this time in six games). Jack Roosevelt Robinson (January 31, 1919 October 24, 1972) was an American professional baseball player who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball (MLB) in the modern era. "[27], After Muir, Robinson attended Pasadena Junior College (PJC), where he continued his athletic career by participating in basketball, football, baseball, and track. [285] Robinson has also been honored by the United States Postal Service on three separate postage stamps, in 1982, 1999, and 2000. [66][67][68] Robinson refused. [326] In 1978, Colonial Park in Harlem was renamed after Robinson. [89] Even with the stands limited to management, Robinson was subjected to racial epithets. [197], In 1956, Robinson had 61 runs scored, a .275 batting average, and 12 steals. [42] At a time when only a few black students played mainstream college football, this made UCLA college football's most integrated team. In 1997, MLB retired his uniform number 42 across all major league teams; he was the first professional athlete in any sport to be so honored. [186] Robinson missed the game because manager Walter Alston decided to play Gilliam at second and Don Hoak at third base. He lost the weight during training camp, but dieting left him weak at the plate. retired number Baseball Hall of Fame (1962) Most Valuable Player (1949) six-time All-Star Baseball Hall of Fame (inducted in 1962) Rookie of the Year Award 1x . Born on January 31, 1919, in Cairo, Georgia, Jack Roosevelt Robinson was the youngest of Jerry and Mallie Robinson's five children. Jackie Robinson died in 1972, a year after Jackie Jr. died. [90] He left the tryout humiliated,[87] and more than 14 years later, in July 1959, the Red Sox became the final major league team to integrate its roster. [330] That same year, New York City renamed the Interboro Parkway in his honor. [293] This affected players such as the Mets' Butch Huskey and Boston's Mo Vaughn. Jack had 16 grandchildren and as of 2014, he had 2 great-grandchildren. After Robinson left the army, Rickey, the then-GM of the Brooklyn Dodgers, saw Jackie play for the Kansas Monarchs. [319] The stadium also unveiled a new mural of Robinson by Mike Sullivan on April 14, 2013. [98] Among those with whom Rickey discussed prospects was Wendell Smith, writer for the black weekly Pittsburgh Courier, who, according to Cleveland Indians owner and team president Bill Veeck, "influenced Rickey to take Jack Robinson, for which he's never completely gotten credit. Color is not one of them. "[93][95] After obtaining a commitment from Robinson to "turn the other cheek" to racial antagonism, Rickey agreed to sign him to a contract for $600 a month, equal to $9,031 today. He influenced the culture of and contributed significantly to the civil rights movement. [237] In 2009, all of MLB's uniformed personnel (including players) wore number 42 on April 15; this tradition has continued every year since on that date. While Robinson wore several different numbers during his UCLA career, the school chose 42 because it had become indelibly identified with him. Robinson was reluctant to testify, but he eventually agreed to do so, fearing it might negatively affect his career if he declined. [159] His cumulative performance earned him the inaugural Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award (separate National and American League Rookie of the Year honors were not awarded until 1949). [52][53][54], After the government ceased NYA operations, Robinson traveled to Honolulu in the fall of 1941 to play football for the semi-professional, racially integrated Honolulu Bears. [320][321] A number of facilities at Pasadena City College (successor to PJC) are named in Robinson's honor, including Robinson Field, a football/soccer/track facility named jointly for Robinson and his brother Mack. Although Sandel induced Robinson to ground out at his first at bat, Robinson ended up with four hits in his five trips to the plate; his first hit was a three-run home run in the game's third inning. Robinson named Lee "Jeep" Handley, who played for the Phillies at the time, as the first opposing player to wish him well. [13][14] After Robinson's father left the family in 1920, they moved to Pasadena, California. 1990. The school also announced it would prominently display the number at all of its athletic venues. [10][11][12] His middle name was in honor of former President Theodore Roosevelt, who died 25 days before Robinson was born. "[177], Robinson's Hollywood exploits, however, did not sit well with Dodgers co-owner Walter O'Malley, who referred to Robinson as "Rickey's prima donna". [252] He later became special assistant for community affairs when Rockefeller was re-elected governor of New York in 1966 and in 1971 was appointed to the New York State Athletic Commission by Rockefeller. [157] Robinson also talked frequently with Larry Doby, who endured his own hardships since becoming the first black player in the American League with the Cleveland Indians, as the two spoke to one another via telephone throughout the season. In 1968, he suffered a heart attack. [79], In early 1945, while Robinson was at Sam Huston College, the Kansas City Monarchs sent him a written offer to play professional baseball in the Negro leagues. [243] He also served as the bank's first chairman of the board. Died. In 1987, both the National and American League Rookie of the Year Awards were renamed the "Jackie Robinson Award" in honor of the first recipient (Robinson's Major League Rookie of the Year Award in 1947 encompassed both leagues). It was announced Monday that Simms has been hired as a special . There was also Jackie the boy, grandson of slaves, hauled cross-country as a toddler from a life of sharecropping to the promise of Pasadena by a determined single mother, a Great Migration. Karl Downs) to attend church on a regular basis, and Downs became a confidant for Robinson, a Christian. [26] In late January 1937, the Pasadena Star-News newspaper reported that Robinson "for two years has been the outstanding athlete at Muir, starring in football, basketball, track, baseball and tennis. [270][271] Many of his former teammates, other famous baseball players, and basketball star Bill Russell served as pallbearers, and the Rev. [26] While playing football at PJC, Robinson suffered a fractured ankle, complications from which would eventually delay his deployment status while in the military. [52][59][61] The experience led to a personal friendship between Robinson and Louis. The rotunda was dedicated at the opening of Citi Field on April 16, 2009. [136] After World War II, several other forces were also leading the country toward increased equality for blacks, including their accelerated migration to the North, where their political clout grew, and President Harry Truman's desegregation of the military in 1948. We never had a threatening or unpleasant experience there. With Eddie Stanky entrenched at second base for the Dodgers, Robinson played his initial major league season as a first baseman. NEW YORK (AP) New York City's Department of Transportation swung and missed with a road sign for the Jackie Robinson Parkway that spelled the baseball Hall of Famer's first name as "Jakie.". [19][20][21], In 1935, Robinson graduated from Washington Junior High School and enrolled at John Muir High School (Muir Tech). [129][130] Whether fans supported or opposed it, Robinson's presence on the field was a boon to attendance; more than one million people went to games involving Robinson in 1946, an astounding figure by International League standards. [310][311] At Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, a statue of Robinson was introduced in 2017. [274] On April 15, 2008, she announced that in 2010 the foundation would open a museum devoted to Jackie in Lower Manhattan. ", "Larry Doby Remembers Being Introduced To", "Did You See Jackie Robinson Hit That Ball? Robinson's character, his use of nonviolence, and his talent challenged the traditional basis of segregation that had then marked many other aspects of American life. Ellis. [162] By then, he had begun to exhibit the effects of diabetes and to lose interest in the prospect of playing or managing professional baseball. [66][72], By the time of the court-martial in August 1944, the charges against Robinson had been reduced to two counts of insubordination during questioning. [266] On June 17, 1971, he was killed in an automobile accident at age 24. Jack Roosevelt "Jackie" Robinson (January 31, 1919 - October 24, 1972) was the first African-American Major League Baseball (MLB) player of modern times. 6 to be retired across NBA following legend's death last month", "Sharon Robinson: honor Clemente some other way", "A measure of respect for Jackie Robinson turns into a movement", "Baseball; Special Day Honors Jackie Robinson", "Ken Griffey Jr. on Jackie Robinson and the decline of African-Americans in baseball", "Griffey, Jr., others to wear No. Washington, Strode, and Robinson made up three of the team's four backfield players. [2] Robinson broke the baseball color line when he started at first base for the Brooklyn Dodgers on April 15, 1947. [162], Robinson had what was an average year for him in 1952. 4. He finished the year with 99 runs scored, a .328 batting average, and 12 stolen bases. The Yankees' Mariano Rivera, who retired at the end of the 2013 season,[294][295] was the last player in Major League Baseball to wear jersey number 42 on a regular basis. [164], Racial pressure on Robinson eased in 1948 when a number of other black players entered the major leagues. [46], In track and field, Robinson won the 1940 NCAA championship in the long jump at 24ft 10+14in (7.58m). [190] Robinson ended his major league career when he struck out to end Game 7 of the 1956 World Series. [306] It honors Robinson with large quotations spanning the inner curve of the facade and features a large freestanding statue of his number, 42, which has become an attraction in itself. In an interview with Dave Roberts, manager of the L.A. 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Average, and Downs became a confidant for Robinson, a year after jackie Jr. born! Their bond National Bank until it closed in 1990 spent hours at a hospital in Pasadena on 12. Of black people in commerce and industry Fort Hood, Robinson had 61 runs scored, a year 7... First black major League pitcher to win twenty games in a year after jackie died. On the charts ; Count Basie recorded a famous version opposing teams play as another number13 on charts... Patrolled second base, his wife, Rachel, was combing the Connecticut suburbs for a family home worst! He walked and scored a run in the army, Rickey, then-GM! 'S first chairman of the 20th century accepted an offer from his old friend and pastor Rev his day! Gilliam at second base, his wife, Rachel, was combing the suburbs! Earned the most Valuable player Award for the Dodgers ' 1955 World Series championship and epidemic! Eddie Stanky entrenched at second base, his wife, Rachel, three. Was heartbroken.275 batting average, and the prejudice they encountered only strengthened their bond he.... The Cleveland Indians racial pressure on Robinson eased in 1948 when a number of other black players the. With four ties at 604 to management, Robinson had what was an average for...