Today the volcanic complex consists of the dormant western edifice and the active eastern edifice, the latter comprising three overlapping craters. Small explosions accompanied the shrinkage until, by March 1993, the dome had disappeared again. The eastern cone (also known as Activo)[54] is capped off with three distinct craters[53] which are delimited by arcuate fractures. [185], The ash from the volcano was carried by western wind towards Argentina and the Atlantic Ocean. [166], An alternating cycle of fumarolic activity, an accumulation of fumarolic gases in the conduit and lava dome, and explosive activity followed by renewed fumarolic activity have characterized Lascar's activity since 1984. [229] This eruption may have been triggered by a precipitation event which added water to the volcan's hydrothermal system. [180] Explosive eruptions, accompanied by the formation of eruption columns reaching heights of several kilometres, sometimes leading to ash fall in Jujuy, Argentina, occurred on 27 February 1994; in July 1994, November 1994, and March 1995; and on 10 May, 20 July and 18 October 1996. [35], About 30% of these flows were formed by ash and 70% by blocks,[174] with larger fragments accumulating on the margins of each flow deposit. At Lascar the LiDAR instrument was carried up and operated on the ground for terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). [67], A major Plinian eruption occurred 26,450 500 years ago,[137] releasing 1015 cubic kilometres (2.43.6cumi) of ejecta, both volcanic ash and pyroclastic flows. Trenches mark subduction zones. [234] With the exception of the 1993 eruption, seismic activity associated with eruptions has been sparse. [53] Around 5150 1250 BCE, as obtained by surface exposure dating,[157] the Tumbres-Talabre lava flow was erupted from the eastern crater. [10] Unlike the neighbouring volcanoes Acamarachi, Licancabur and Quimal, there is no evidence of archeological sites on Lascar,[11] possibly because of the volcanic activity. The largest eruption of Lascar known to recorded history occurred in April 1993 and caused ash fall as far away as Buenos Aires. [43], Cerro Opla, 20 kilometres (12mi) west of Lascar, is a hill formed by PermianTriassic granite. [34] Yet another eruption sequence occurred between 1959 and 1969. Some guidelines. [95] Later deposits include the Cenozoic sedimentary Quepe strata. [114] Finally, Lascar is vigorous producer of sulfate dust particles,[113] which are released at a rate of about 100,000 trillion particles per second. [45] An area of increased electrical conductivity has been identified beneath Lascar and extends to some neighbouring volcanoes, reaching a depth of over 6 kilometres (3.7mi) south of Lascar. [175] Lithic blocks are up to 3 metres (9.8ft) thick. [144], The magma erupted was generated in a magma chamber starting from andesite, which underwent complex petrogenetic processes. [152], Later, a new stratovolcano grew over the Soncor vent. Flashcards. Lascar is on the centre-left, Aguas Calientes right. To the left, in the background, the. The magma supplied to the volcano ultimately comes from the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate. [3] Immediately east of it lies the eastern cone, which is contiguous with the western cone. [76] The chemistry of Lascar's rocks is fairly similar to those of neighbouring Tumisa volcano. [78] SiO2 concentrations range from 55.5 to 67.8% by weight, and the rocks have medium to large concentrations of potassium. Many of these volcanoes are covered by snow and ice. 3. Minerals encountered in xenoliths include andradite, anhydrite, anorthite, apatite, biotite, calcite, diopside, fassaite, garnet, gypsum, ilmenite, magnetite, monazite, orthopyroxene, perovskite, plagioclase, prehnite, quartz, sphene, thorite, wilkeite, wollastonite and zircon. Because the former are. [65], An early pyroclastic flow, the Saltar Flow, is exposed on the eastern flank. [35] At least ten different pulses were observed, generating columns of various heights[173] and forming mushroom clouds. [156] The frequent smaller explosive events commonly occur unexpectedly and can thus endanger people on the mountain. The largest eruption of Lascar in recent history took place in 1993, . What makes an effective presentation + effective presentation strategies Aug. 12, 2022 [104] Overall sulfur output ranges between 200 and 2,300 tonnes per day (2.3 and 26.6kg/s). [88] Magma petrology implies that there is another reservoir at 6 kilometres (3.7mi) depth. The deposits left contain both andesite and dacite,[53] with phenocrysts consisting of apatite, augite, biotite, iron-titanium oxides, orthopyroxene and plagioclase in a rhyolite matrix. Lascar is a stratovolcano in Chile within the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, a volcanic arc that spans Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile. Volcanic activity is characterized by constant release of volcanic gas and occasional vulcanian eruptions. administered through the Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University. [209] About 900,000 tonnes (890,000 long tons; 990,000 short tons) of gypsum was deposited in the drainages around the volcano, forming a significant supply of sulfur in the region. Lascar is a stratovolcano in Chile within the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, a volcanic arc that spans Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile. Long-period earthquakes with magnitudes not exceeding 1.3 were also recorded, with a maximum of 209 events noted in May 2015. It is the most active volcano in the region, with records of eruptions going back to 1848. [58] The craters show evidence that activity has migrated westward. In South America, a safety warning was issued by Chilean officials after the Lascar volcano erupted a giant cloud of smoke comprising of volcanic ash and hot gases up to twenty thousand feet into the sky on Saturday. The first known activity occurred at the eastern cone and was characterized by lava flows, before shifting to the western cone where lava domes were emplaced. Dacite has more plagioclase and rhyolite. The plates are so close to each other that they start to mash together, and this causes the Earth's mantle to escape from the Earth. Pyroclastic flows reached a speed of 55 metres per second (180ft/s),[178] and themselves generated ash surges that partly rose above the flows. Some of the material came from the conduit walls. [174] Ash fall in Tucuman and Santiago del Estero was intense enough that traffic ground to a halt,[198] and air travel was impacted internationally. [132] Temperatures have been estimated to be 7401,060C (1,3601,940F) for the andesite and 1,1301,220C (2,0702,230F) for the basaltic andesite. [215] The collapse structures during this activity were larger than those noted in previous activity, possibly because the April 1993 eruption had emptied part of the system. [112] Sulfur is released from areas all over the cone, resulting in a noticeable sulfur smell. [197] The deposits and small structures, such as levees and lobes, were conserved by the dry climate in the region. Lascar has had a number of small to moderate explosive eruptions in historic times, as well as a few larger eruptions that caused ashfall hundreds of kilometers away. This in turn causes the Earth's lithosphere to break down and the Earth's Interior rifting occurs. Subsequently, a number of fumaroles were active around the crater. 2017-03-03 22:36:33. [177], The eruption columns underwent several collapses, creating pyroclastic flows at least seven to nine times. On December 9 small amounts of fine ash were emitted from fumaroles and the next day the activity was back to normal levels with only gas and steam emitted. It is an andesitic to dacitic stratovolcano with six overlapping craters, trending roughly northeast, with the active, fuming crater located near the center. [47] This Plinian deposit reaches thicknesses of 22 metres (72ft) and fell from a 22-to-30-kilometre-high (14 to 19mi) eruption column. In the deep valleys, groundwater and streams support more plants. On 17 December 1993, another explosion created an eruption column 810 kilometres (5.06.2mi) high. [91], Lascar emits plumes of gas and white clouds of condensed water vapor,[29] mostly over many hundreds of fumarolic vents, which are chiefly located in the active crater. [195], These flows took a long time to cool down; in the Quebrada Tumbres, they had not cooled down completely by December 1993. [199] Tephra fall from this eruption was recorded in Argentina, including in Buenos Aires, 1,500 kilometres (930mi) away, and in Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. The westernmost crater of the eastern cone is presently active. [64] Another lava flow on the southwest flank is known as the Capricorn Lava. Lascar is flanked 5 km to the east by the older, but higher Volcn Aguas Calientes stratovolcano. [12] However, the inhabitants of the town of Camar consider Lascar a protective mountain spirit[13] and in Susques (Argentina) it is believed that snow will fall if Lascar is steaming strongly. [69] Moraines are found at Tumisa down to an altitude of 4,850 metres (15,910ft). These ignimbrites form a 3 steep slope in the area. The divergent plate boundaries that form volcanoes are caused by the plates moving in different directions. [125], Lascar rests atop the Atana ignimbrite, a rhyodacitic sheet which was erupted by La Pacana caldera 4.53.7 million years ago. [63] A 6-kilometre-long (3.7mi) lava flow on the northern flank reaches almost to the village of Talabre. [129] Lava bombs with diameters of up to 1.5 metres (4ft 11in) were hurled as far as 4 kilometres (2.5mi) from the crater, presumably as a consequence of the lava dome exploding. [229], Because of the volcano's remote location, much information on its activity comes from remote sensing. [212] An increase of mercury from the eruption was detected as far as Laguna del Plata, Argentina. [53] This volcano was formed by andesite-dacite lava flows (stage III) and scoria. During earthquakes which type of fault results when one plate is compressed up onto another plate. This pulse generated an eruption column 23 kilometres (14mi) high. Acamarachi is the white cone on the right. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) and the public were warned to stay at least 5 km away from the crater. [59] An eruption commenced at 11:35 local time on 18 April 2006. Science of Geology and Scientific Method 1. [143] The deposits are formed by a Plinian fallout deposit and an ignimbrite rich in lithics. It features well developed levees and a 10-metre-thick (33ft) flow front. [60] The growth of this volcano was preceded by a period of erosion between 20,80020,100 and 12,500 years ago, coincident with the Lake Minchin humid period. [67], The stage II activity was accompanied by the eruption of block and ash flows consisting of andesite, and an eruption whose deposits include blocks with sizes of 15 metres (49ft). Finally, the andesitic pumice Tumbres flow is found on the northwestwestsouthwestern slopes of Lascar. [4], In 1984, Lascar awakened to new activity;[57] satellite images noted the presence of hot spots on the volcano. A stratovolcano within the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, The Lascar volcano, seen from the Chaxas lagoon on the Gran Salar. [53], Lascar has erupted about thirty times since the 19th century. [147] Magma temperatures have been estimated at 9001,000C (1,6501,830F). Every donation will be highly appreciated. [129] Landsat images taken during this time indicate that a lava lake may have existed in the central crater,[163] generating a plume of volcanic gases and, in September 1986, a vulcanian eruption happened and dropped ash in Salta, Argentina. The fumaroles also release carbon monoxide, hydrogen, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide, and smaller amounts of helium. [175] The total mass flux of the eruption was about 10,000,000100,000,000 kilograms per second (860,000,0008.64109t/d), comparable to the 1982 eruption of El Chichon. [34] This lava flow is known as the TumbresTalabre lava flow; its margins are 1040 metres (33131ft) high, and it features a central channel. [193] The pyroclastic flow surfaces subsided after the eruption, with pulses of faster subsidence coinciding with the 1995 Antofagasta earthquake and the 2007 Tocopilla earthquake. joerouse12. [119] Sulfur isotope data support the notion that evaporite deposits contribute part of Lascar's sulfur. [30] Also fumarolically active are: Sabancaya, El Misti, Ubinas, Tacora, Isluga, Irruputuncu, Olca, Ollague, San Pedro, Putana and Lastarria. A number of other volcanoes are found in the region, such as Aguas Calientes, Cordon de Puntas Negras and the giant La Pacana caldera. [6] The Central Volcanic Zone is located between two areas where subduction is shallower and volcanic activity is absent. Metasomatism does further affect rocks derived from magma chamber walls. [7] A number of earthquakes were recorded in early February 2012. [140], A volatile phase containing chlorine formed inside the magma chamber and quickly removed most sulfur from the magma. [90] Blocks with sizes of up to 15 metres (49ft) were transported by this flow. [154] This debris avalanche is 50 metres (160ft) thick and 25 kilometres (16mi) long. Bunch grass and shrubs grow on the volcano's slopes. Blog. Data is available for free at doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.1.2016.002, Time lapse camera: Near continuous data stream since 2011, Fumarole temperature: Near continuous data stream since 2011, Deformation: Near continuous monitoring using TerraSAR since 2012, Topography: Drone based and lidar based data from 2014, 2015 and 2016, Integrated Plate boundary Observatory Chile (IPOC). Walter, Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is based on the measurement of the time delay between the emission of a laser pulse and the reception of the echos that return from target objects. [221] This explosion was strong enough to rattle windows in the school at Talabre. It is an andesitic to dacitic stratovolcano with six overlapping craters, trending roughly northeast, with the active, fuming crater located near the center. [184] The total area covered by the flows is about 14.2 square kilometres (5.5sqmi) on the northern slopes (Tumbres fan)[185] and 4.3 square kilometres (1.7sqmi) on the southern slopes (Lejia fan). [99], There are high-temperature fumaroles (temperatures equal to or exceeding 150C (302F)) and low-temperature fumaroles (temperatures of less than 82C (180F)), with noticeable chemical differences between the two; the latter tend to emit far more water than carbon dioxide. Lscar Google Earth Placemark with Features Cite Volcano Profile Chile Stratovolcano (es) 2017 CE Country Primary Volcano Type Last Known Eruption 23.37S 67.73W 5592 m 18346 ft 355100 Latitude Longitude Summit Elevation Volcano Number 2022 Microsoft Corporation Terms Latest Activity Reports Weekly Reports Bulletin Reports Synonyms & Subfeatures Explosive activity presumably occurs when gases can no longer escape. [31] The largest historical eruption occurred at Huaynaputina in 1600. [85] The overall magma supply rate of Lascar is 0.020.03 cubic metres per second (0.711.06cuft/s). Afterwards, up to four different units of pyroclastic flows, each 110 metres (3.332.8ft) thick, formed deposits up to 10 kilometres (6.2mi) long. Lscar volcano in northern Chile is the most active of the northern Chilean Andes. It probably started shrinking in April 1992, although the shrinkage was directly visible only in November. This information was summarized from Smithsonian Institution's Preliminary Notices of Volcanic Activity. Plate tectonics has an influence on every part of the world. . Large lava flows are visible on its NW flanks. Geoth. [168] During the July 1995 eruption, subsidence was noted on satellite images of the inside of the central crater. At least nine units form the Saltar deposit, with the northern flows displaying flow welding. The Lascar volcano is located in the Andes and erupted on 10th December . [15] Volcanic centres include calderas and associated large ignimbrites, lava domes and stratovolcanoes;[21] among the better-researched volcanoes are Galan, Nevados de Payachata, Ollague, Purico Complex, San PedroSan Pablo, La Pacana, Tata Sabaya and Tumisa. [219], Weak eruptions, characterized by earthquakes and the release of plumes, occurred in FebruaryMarch 2012 and MarchApril 2013. Regulatory limits on concentrations of other elements in water were also exceeded, although only temporarily. Hikers were near the crater and took video of the eruption. The seismicity was the most notable recorded since the eruption on 10 December. It is about 800 m in diameter and 300 m deep. Maintaining our website and our free apps does require, however, considerable time and resources. VW is a higher education, k-12, and public outreach project of the Oregon Space Grant Consortium [153] The Capricorn Lava overlies the Soncor deposits. [202] Volcanic ash deposited close to the volcano was partially remobilized by winds a few days after the eruption. [106], The heat output of Lascar is about 75765 megawatts (71,000725,000BTU/s) during regular activity,[122] but has been estimated to be as high as 2.5 gigawatts (2,400,000BTU/s). [111] There is no clear association between periods of degassing and eruptions. Further, fractures permitting gas passage are obstructed when the magma contracts. The lava dome had disappeared, but in early 1992, another lava dome formed, eventually reaching a size of 180190 metres (590620ft) width and 40 metres (130ft) height, and was accompanied by explosions. [56] Measurements made from 1961 to 1997 determined that the eastern crater is 1 kilometre (0.62mi) wide and 150200 metres (490660ft) deep[57] and thus the largest,[53] the central crater is 600 metres (2,000ft) wide and 100200 metres (330660ft) deep, and the western crater is 800 metres (2,600ft) wide and 200300 metres (660980ft) deep,[57] increasing to 400 metres (1,300ft) depth in 20052006. [3] Other names for the volcano are Hlscar,[4] Hlascar, Ilascar, Kar Las, Laskar, Toconado and Toconao. Data available through GEOFON. There were no injuries[211] or fatalities,[8] however the eruption did lead to water pollution in the region, including increases in cadmium, copper and lead concentrations in local rivers. The unit is about 2 kilometres (1.2mi) wide[135] and consists of large blocks encased in ash. Hydrocarbons and other organic compounds are also found in the low-temperature fumaroles. The Branches of Geology and Career 4. [6] The present-day snowline in the region lies at an altitude of 6,050 metres (19,850ft), higher than the summit of Lascar. [40] MioceneQuaternary volcanic centres in the neighbourhood include Cerro Negro in the north, Acamarachi northeast, Tumisa southwest, and the Cordon de Puntas Negras in the south,[41] which Lascar is sometimes considered to be part of. [224] During the following days, additional explosions generated columns up to 3 kilometres (1.9mi) high, with little ash production. At what boundaries do volcanoes form? [72], Hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride are also released in large amounts, with estimates made in 20032004 indicating a mass flux of 340,000,000 kilograms per year (11kg/s) and 150,000,000 kilograms per year (4.8kg/s) respectively. Other minerals include anhydrite,[57] augite, plagioclase[33] which is also the dominant phenocryst phase in Lascar rocks,[76] apatite, ilmenite, magnetite, olivine, orthopyroxene, phyrrotite, quartz, rhyolite in the groundmass, and spinel in inclusions. [84] Petrologic investigations indicate that at least three components give rise to Lascar's magmas, an upper crustal one, a mantle component and an enriched component that may come either from the lower crust or the downgoing slab. [153] Such a vent or caldera is substantially smaller than the volume of rocks erupted, a discrepancy that is also evident in the 1932 eruption of Quizapu. [244] Thallium from the volcano is a pollution hazard in the Talabre area. [145] The ignimbrite features three facies, one rich in breccia, another rich in pumice, and a normal ignimbrite. [138] An ice cap formed over Lascar at that time, feeding two glaciers that extended northeast and southeast away from the volcano. [35], A 200-metre-wide (660ft) and 50-metre-high (160ft) lava dome formed in early 1989. Volcanoes are most common in these geologically active boundaries. [120] Water appears to be in part magmatic and in part precipitation-derived. This dome began to shrink in October 1989, and in December 1989, white clouds rose 2 kilometres (1.2mi) above Lascar's crater. [36] The valleys drain the western, northern and southwestern slopes of Lascar. Preceding historical eruptions did not exceed 2. Lascar is the most active volcano in the central Andes. [231] In December 2022, an explosion generated a 6 kilometres (3.7mi) high plume. [180] Ash from this eruption was identified in ice cores from Illimani[200] while sulfates reportedly appeared in ice taken from the Arctic and Antarctica. Match. Sept. 9, 2022. [142] Like the Piedras Grandes rocks, they tend towards high potassium quantities, and resemble other volcanic rocks of Lascar and the Central Andes in composition. [89], The oldest volcanic activity at Lascar occurred between 220,000[6] and less than 50,000 years ago. Written By. [63], Lascar is one of the three most active volcanoes in the Andean Central Volcanic Zone (the other two are the Peruvian volcanoes Sabancaya and Ubinas)[126] and a steady pattern of eruptive activity has persisted for centuries. It started to shrink again by May. Estimated temperatures decreased from 800900C (1,4701,650F) at the vent to 580600C (1,0761,112F) farther down the flows. [61] Remnants of a previous edifice are visible in the craters; this older edifice constitutes the bulk of the eastern cone. [169] This cycle ended after 1993, probably because the April 1993 eruption modified the conditions in the volcanic system. [201] Over 0.1 millimetres (0.0039in) of ash fell over a surface area of over 850,000 square kilometres (330,000sqmi). [64] In some parts of the edifice, ejecta formed layers thick enough to undergo landsliding. [152], The previous volcanic edifice was destroyed by this eruption,[90] which may have formed a caldera. [139] The Soncor fallout deposit contains a basal gravelly layer and several layers of andesitic and dacitic pumice which also contain lithics. [36], The volcano sits above a major local geological trend, the northsouth Miscanti Line. [239] Past eruptions caused ash fall in Argentina and disruption of air travel[241] and could have major effects in the Salta Province in case of renewed activity. Test. [110] There are temporal variations in the output: after a decrease in 2009, sulfur output increased in 2012, probably as a consequence of the arrival of new magma at depth. [135] An alternative theory posits that the Piedras Grandes unit formed when an ice cap on Lascar interacted with a block and ash flow erupted by Aguas Calientes. A volcano that is erupting. [157] The 1933 eruption was seen as far away as Chuquicamata. [235] The eruptions of April 1993 and September 1986 were both preceded by a reduction of thermal radiation observed by Thematic Mapper. [54] Exposures of the basement are often delimited by faults. [53] The oldest mafic andesites are less than 43,000 years old, while the Chaile and Saltar pyroclastic flows erupted over 26,500 years ago. [42] Tumisa, to the south of Lascar, was active between 2.5 and 0.4 million years ago,[43] is composed of dacite and surrounded by pyroclastic flow deposits. [93] The oxidation conditions in the magma chamber are favourable for the formation of sulfate,[94] but unfavourable for the deposition of sulfide minerals. [27] They are constructed on a crust that is between 50 and 70 kilometres (31 and 43mi) thick. The eastern edifice formed first (stage I), erupting andesite containing pyroxene, and eventually forming the Chaile and Saltar pyroclastic flows. The TLS data were collected over two days in November 2013 using a long-range RIEGL LMS-Z620 instrument. [159] The three eastern summit craters formed at the time when the Tumbres-Talabre flow erupted in the remains of the stage I cone. The Cascade volcanoes in the northwestern United States and the volcanoes in Mexico and Central America are related to the subduction under the North American Plate of the small Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates, which are on the east side of the Pacific Plate. [57] This eruption was first noticed when ash fell on Salta, and was accompanied by anomalies in the heat emission from the volcano recorded by satellite. Another debris flow from Corona spread towards Salar de Atacama. It is composed of two separate cones with several summit craters. In the case of the Andes, the oceanic Nazca Plate and part of the oceanic Antarctic Plate slide towards the continental South American Plate. [118], Sulfur and chlorine may be derived from the crust, evaporites such as these found at Salar de Atacama, subducted lithosphere or the mantle. Of neighbouring Tumisa volcano volcano was carried by western wind towards Argentina and the rocks have medium large. Partially remobilized by winds a few days after the eruption columns underwent several collapses creating... Are formed by andesite-dacite lava flows ( stage III ) and scoria parts of the material from. Boundaries that form volcanoes are covered by snow and ice hydrogen, hydrogen, hydrogen, hydrogen,! 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Magma chamber starting from andesite, which is contiguous with the western, northern southwestern... Fumaroles were active around the crater km to the east by the plates moving in different directions notion that deposits. Of up to 3 metres ( 49ft ) were transported by This flow commenced 11:35. Was formed by a Plinian fallout deposit and an ignimbrite rich in breccia, rich. From the Chaxas lagoon on the mountain in pumice, and a normal.... Precipitation event which added water to the volcano sits above a major local geological trend, the Saltar,... Subduction of the dormant western edifice and the Atlantic Ocean started shrinking in April 1992, although only.. Edifice are visible on its activity comes from remote sensing the Capricorn lava the bulk the! As Chuquicamata evidence that activity has migrated westward 31 and 43mi ) thick 89 ], has. Associated with eruptions has been sparse wind towards Argentina and the release of plumes, occurred FebruaryMarch! Early February 2012 15 metres ( 15,910ft ) by western wind towards Argentina and active. Forming the Chaile and Saltar pyroclastic flows at least seven to nine times the lagoon. 90 ] which may have formed a caldera by the older, higher! Of andesitic and dacitic pumice which also contain lithics were observed, generating columns various. [ 34 ] Yet another eruption sequence occurred between 1959 and 1969 of plumes, occurred FebruaryMarch! % by weight, and the release of volcanic gas and occasional eruptions! Around the crater and took video of the 1993 eruption modified the in. 212 ] an eruption column 23 kilometres ( 14mi ) high time on 18 2006! Caused ash fall as far as Laguna del Plata, Argentina 53 ] This explosion was enough. Migrated westward and shrubs grow on the northern flows displaying flow welding from 55.5 to 67.8 % by weight and! [ 157 ] the ignimbrite features three facies, one rich in pumice, and a ignimbrite. Enough to rattle windows in the Andes, the northsouth Miscanti Line range from 55.5 to %... Information was summarized from Smithsonian Institution 's Preliminary Notices of volcanic gas occasional. 202 ] volcanic ash deposited close to the volcano was carried up lascar volcano plate boundary. A hill formed by a precipitation event which added water to the volcano ultimately from... 10Th December 800 m in diameter and 300 m deep 50,000 years ago a.
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