Public investments in infrastructure, education and local economy brought greater diversity to the city. One of them was Samuil, who was eventually crowned Emperor of Bulgaria in 997. [81] The earliest mention of the city comes from an Athenian inscription from the 1st century BC, attesting Astiu ton Serdon, i.e. It was proposed as a capital by Marin Drinov and was accepted as such on 3 April 1879. Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. "The Cambridge Ancient History", Volume 3, Part 2: Mihailov, G., Thracians, Sofia, 1972, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, quote in Bulgarian: . Since the 18th century the beylerbeys of Rumelia often stayed in Bitola, which became the official capital of the province in 1826. Some of the biggest telecommunications companies, TV and radio stations, newspapers, magazines, and web portals are based in Sofia, including the Bulgarian National Television, bTV and Nova TV. [69][70] As a result, air pollution levels in Sofia are some of the highest in Europe. It occupies an area of 3,170 square metres (34,122 square feet) and can hold 10,000 people. Read More August 16, 2022 Board of Supervisors Meeting: Receive report from the Office of the County Counsel relating to options for transferring rehabilitative jail functions to the Department of Correction and provide direction . The city houses many cultural institutes such as the Russian Cultural Institute, the Polish Cultural Institute, the Hungarian Institute, the Czech and the Slovak Cultural Institutes, the Italian Cultural Institute, Confucius Institute, Institut Franais, Goethe Institut, British Council and Instituto Cervantes which regularly organise temporary expositions of visual, sound and literary works by artists from their respective countries. This church was built in 1912, and was designed by the Russian architect Alexander Pomerantsev. Odeon (not part of the Odeon Cinemas chain) shows exclusively European and independent American films, as well as 20th century classics. Prison classification is a method of assessing inmate risks that balance security requirements with program needs. It is the only city in Bulgaria to host three electoral constituencies: the 23rd, 24th and 25th Multi-member Constituencies, which together field 42 mandates in the 240-member National Assembly. During that time Sofia was the largest import-export-base in modern-day Bulgaria for the caravan trade with the Republic of Ragusa. Springs and autumns in Sofia are usually short with variable and dynamic weather. Euro in a New Production Unit in Sofia/", "Melexis to Invest 75M to Expand Its Operations in Bulgaria", "Lufthansa Technik Sofia invests 30 mln euro to expand its facilities", Sofia infrastructure from the official website of the Municipality, "History of the tramway network in Sofia", "History of the trolleybus network in Sofia", "Public transport Sofia official website", "Transport Company Bulgaria official website", " (Bulgarian National Television News)", "National Federation of the Taxi Drivers in Bulgaria. The urban area of Sofia hosts some 1.54million[9] residents within 5723km2, which comprises Sofia City Province and parts of Sofia Province (Dragoman, Slivnitsa, Kostinbrod, Bozhurishte, Svoge, Elin Pelin, Gorna Malina, Ihtiman, Kostenets) and Pernik Province (Pernik, Radomir), representing 5.16% of the country territory. The Saint Sofia Basilica, founded during the reign of Justinian (reign 527-565), is one of the oldest churches in the capital. Ancient Gold: The Wealth of the Thracians. Sofia is the 13th largest city in the European Union. [174] The sector employs about 50,000 professionals, 30% of them involved in programming, and contributes for 14% of the city's exports. The average temperature in January is 1 degree below zero Centigrade, and 20 degrees Centigrade in July . A refurbishment project is due to be completed in mid-2019,[131] while the old National Assembly building will become a museum or will only host ceremonial political events. Gradually, a compromise arose, officialisation of Sofia for the nationwide institutions, while legitimating the title Sredets for the administrative and church institutions, before the latter was abandoned through the years.[39]. Three mountain passes lead to the city, which have been key roads since antiquity, Vitosha being the watershed between Black and Aegean Seas. With their vital, humanistic realism they are a Renaissance phenomenon at its culmination phase in the context of the common-European art.[152]. The fall of the strategic city prompted a major and ultimately disastrous invasion of Bulgaria by the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros I, which led to his demise at the hands of the Bulgarian army. During the decline of the Roman Empire, the city was raided by Huns, Visigoths, Avars and Slavs. The hot springs at Bankya, a nearby resort offer wonderful facilities for rest, recreation, and wellness. The SS. Heinrichs. The Boyana Church, a UNESCO World Heritage site, contains realistic frescoes, depicting more than 240 human images and a total 89 scenes, were painted. Sixteen checklists allow administrators to assess performance and effectiveness of jail operations. As a consequence of the bombings thousands of buildings were destroyed or damaged including the Capital Library and thousands of books. The ADOC Classification Manual is the document of direction in all matters of inmate classification and procedures thereunto. From 1530 to 1836, Sofia was the regional capital of Rumelia Eyalet, the Ottoman Empire's key province in Europe. Ten of the peaks in the Vitosha Range are over 2,000 meters; the highest is Cherni Vrah (Black Peak), in the center of the park, at 2,290 meters. [124] Some party leaders claimed that ballots were falsified and called for annulment of the election. Level 4 -The security level that is the next degree higher than Level 3, and requires more security/supervision than Level 3. Sofia has an extensive district heating system that draws on four combined heat and power (CHP) plants and boiler stations. Sofia was designated as European Capital of Sport in 2018. In the coldest days temperatures can drop below 15C (5F), most notably in January. [200] Additionally, all-electric vehicles are available through carsharing company Spark, which is set to increase its fleet to 300 cars by mid-2019.[201]. It is surrounded by mountainsides, such as Vitosha by the southern side, Lyulin by the western side, and the Balkan Mountains by the north, which makes it the third highest European capital after Andorra la Vella and Madrid. 151156. ERH represents the highest level of security possible in the 3-Tier System and is reserved for those who cannot be safely managed at any lower security level. Sofia's development as a significant settlement owes much to its central position in the Balkans. Being in the centre of the Balkans, it is midway between the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea, and closest to the Aegean Sea.[18][19]. The city was destroyed in the 447 invasion of the Huns and laid in ruins for a century[80] It was rebuilt by Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. The most dynamic sectors include Information technology (IT) and manufacturing. It holds a collection of Eastern Orthodox icons from the 9th to the 19th century. Serdika was the favorite city of Constantine the Great (reign 306-337), who said: Serdika is my Rome. In roughly 175, massive fortified walls, with four watchtowers were built to protect the city, and a second outer fortified wall was added during the 5th-6th centuries. [145] The Ivan Vazov National Theatre, which performs mainly classical plays and is situated in the very centre of the city, is the most prominent theatre. The driest recorded year was 2000 with a total precipitation of 304.6mm (11.99in), while the wettest year on record was 2014 with a total precipitation of 1,066.6mm (41.99in). Any detainee who cannot be classified because of missing information at the time Close to the museum is the Boyana Church, one of the Bulgarian monuments that are listed among the UNESCO World Heritage sites. Akadmiai Kiad, 1977 "As Macedonia itself was in danger, Crassus readily advanced as far as Segetika (-Serdica)", " --[ ]-- . - 18771878 . [28] The metropolitan region of Sofia is inhabited by a population of 1.66million. A double perimeter, razor ribbon reinforced, alarmed and patrolled fence is required for this level of security. Avian Remains from an Early Neolithic Settlement of Slatina (Present Sofia City, Bulgaria). As the city grew outwards, the then-new neighbourhoods were dominated by many concrete tower blocks, prefabricated panel apartment buildings and examples of Brutalist architecture. Consulted online on 23 January 2018. It is situated in the Sofia Valley at the foot of the Vitosha mountain in the western parts of the country. Visitors exploring the citys streets can see remnants of The Eastern Gate from the days when Sofia was Serdika and Sredets, dating from the 2nd-4th centuries CE. It was the first edict legalising Christianity, preceding the Edict of Milan by two years. [103], During the initial stages of the Crusade of Varna in 1443, it was occupied by Hungarian forces for a short time in 1443, and the Bulgarian population celebrated a mass Saint Sofia Church. This process will consider behavior and such other objective factors as are available and relevant when assessing an individual's institutional security needs. Serdica's citizens of Thracian descent were referred to as Illyrians[80] probably because it was at some time the capital of Eastern Illyria (Second Illyria).[89]. Plovdiv remained the most populous Bulgarian town until 1892 when Sofia took the lead. A monitoring station on Eagles' Bridge, where some of the highest particulate matter values were measured, was moved away from the location and has measured sharply lower values since then. The families that consist of two people are 46.8%, another 34.2% of the families are made up by three people, whereas most of the households (36.5%) consist of only one person.[116]. These include Tsarigradsko shose, Cherni Vrah, Bulgaria, Slivnitsa and Todor Aleksandrov boulevards, as well as the city's ring road. Some of the neighbourhoods constructed after 2000 are densely built up and lack green spaces. [78], The earliest tribes who settled were the Thracian Tilataei. The route from Western Europe to Istanbul passes through Sofia via Beograd and Skopje, then through Plovdiv to Turkey. [130] One of the three buildings in the architectural ensemble, the former Bulgarian Communist Party headquarters, is due to become the seat of the Parliament. The city is built west of the Iskar river, and has many mineral springs, such as the Sofia Central Mineral Baths. The transformations of Bulgaria into the People's Republic of Bulgaria in 1946 and into the Republic of Bulgaria in 1990 marked significant changes in the city's appearance. In July 2016 the Vitosha Metro Station was opened on the M2 main line. : +359 885 921 620 E-mail:chitalnyata@gmail.com. In 1858 Nedelya Petkova created the first Bulgarian school for women in the city. Cyril and Methodius National Library are located in Sofia. The city is ranked 62nd among financial centres worldwide. Inmates designated as a verified Security Risk Group member are classified as level three. ", National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria, "Sofia Council - 2019-2023", ":: 27 2019", "The party of Kuneva overcomes the falsified ballots with machines", "Escaped from Arena Armeets tell about the nightmare", "The head of the electoral commission in Sofia is resigning at the request of Borissov", " :: 2015", " ? The highest recorded temperature is 41C (106F) (5 July 2000 and 24 July 2007). [165] The real GDP (PPP) per capita growth at the time was 2.5% and the employment went up by 3.4% to 962,400. The largest group of the population aged over 20 are recorded to live within marriage (46.3%), another 43.8% are recorded as single and another 9.9% as having other type of coexistence/partnership, whereas not married in total are a majority and among people aged up to 40 and over 70. Privilege levels will be greater than Level 3 and individuals may be eligible for Reintegration Units. Of the population aged 1564 265,248 people within the municipality (28.5%) are not economically active, the unemployed being another group of 55,553 people (6%), a large share of whom have completed higher education. [33][34] It became a municipium during the reign of Emperor Trajan (98117). We provide training, technical assistance, and information resources on all phases of new-jail planning. The city produced multicolored sgraffito ceramics, jewelry and ironware. During the reign of Emperor Marcus Ulpius Trajan (reign 98-117 CE), the city took his name, Ulpia Serdika, and became the administrative center of the region. Six new stations were opened in 2009, two more in April 2012, and eleven more in August 2012. There are two golf courses within an hours drive of the city, in the city of Ihtiman and the village of Ravno Polye, both offering excellent facilities to play and practice this sport that is becoming more and more popular in Bulgaria. Since 2015, the National Art Gallery, the National Gallery for Foreign Art (NGFA) and the Museum of Contemporary Art Sofia Arsenal were merged to form the National Gallery. Bianquis, C.E. The National Palace of Culture, the citys football stadiums, and the citys large halls are venues for concerts and performances by famous individuals and groups. On the lower slopes of Mount Vitosha, in the Boyana District, is located the National Museum of History, with its collection from prehistoric times to the present day. [134] Nevertheless, in the 21st century, crimes, including Bulgarian mafia killings, caused problems in the city,[135] where authorities had difficulties convicting the actors,[136] which had caused the European Commission to warn the Bulgarian government that the country would not be able to join the EU unless it curbed crime[137] (Bulgaria eventually joined in 2007). According to the director of Sofia District Police Directorate, the largest share of the crimes are thefts, making up 62.4% of all crimes in the capital city. [182] Manufacturing companies include Woodward, Inc., producing airframe and industrial turbomachinery systems,[183] Festo, producing microsensors,[184] Visteon, development and engineering of instrument clusters, LCD displays and domain controllers,[185] Melexis, producing micro-electronic semiconductor solutions in the automotive sector,[186] Sopharma, producing pharmaceuticals, the largest Lufthansa Technik maintenance facilities outside Germany etc.[187]. Smog thus persists over the city as temperature inversions and the mountains surrounding the city prevent the circulation of air masses. Line 1 provides a connection to Plovdiv, the second-largest city in Bulgaria, while Line 2 is the longest national railway and connects Sofia and Varna, the largest coastal city. The parks are equipped with safe, modern, playground equipment, and there are both childrens playgrounds and indoor recreational facilities for children. 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