[424], Canadian literature is often divided into French- and English-language literatures, which are rooted in the literary traditions of France and Britain, respectively. [87] The Military Service Act brought in compulsory military service, though it, coupled with disputes over French language schools outside Quebec, deeply alienated Francophone Canadians and temporarily split the Liberal Party. [208] Law enforcement, including criminal courts, is officially a provincial responsibility, conducted by provincial and municipal police forces. Chris Bolin/The Globe and Mail. The Arctic Ocean is to the north of Canada. [195], Canadian federalism divides government responsibilities between the federal government and the ten provinces. [13] By the 1950s, the term Dominion of Canada was no longer used by the United Kingdom, which considered Canada a "Realm of the Commonwealth". [11] In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada. A fuel pump is seen in a car at a gas station in Toronto April 22, 2014. [18], After the successful American War of Independence, the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognized the independence of the newly formed United States and set the terms of peace, ceding British North American territories south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River to the new country. As much a piece of history as a natural wonder, Canadas. ", "2015 federal budget 'disappointing' for post-secondary students: CFS", "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2019: Canada", "Government expenditure on education as% of GDP (%)", "Financial and human resources invested in Education", "Comparing countries' and economies' performances", "Canadian education among best in the world: OECD", "Canada Student performance (PISA 2015)", "The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity", "Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts", "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Canada [Country] Total Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households 25% sample data", "The Daily The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity", "The Daily Indigenous population continues to grow and is much younger than the non-Indigenous population, although the pace of growth has slowed", "Visible Minorities and Aboriginal Peoples in Vancouver's Labour Market", "The Daily Immigrants make up the largest share of the population in over 150 years and continue to shape who we are as Canadians", "2021 Annual Report to Parliament on Immigration", Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, "2006 Census: The Evolving Linguistic Portrait, 2006 Census: Highlights", Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, "Indigenous Self-Determination: Is Canada as Good as it Gets? After a tumultuous first two seasons on the job, Matt Canada will return as the Pittsburgh Steelers' offensive coordinator in 2023, according to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. [267] In the 1980s, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's Progressive Conservatives abolished the NEP and changed the name of FIRA to Investment Canada to encourage foreign investment. Chris Bolin/The Globe and Mail. [86] The Conscription Crisis of 1917 erupted when the Unionist Cabinet's proposal to augment the military's dwindling number of active members with conscription was met with vehement objections from French-speaking Quebecers. Perceived health", "Health at a Glance: OECD Indicators by country", "Almost a million B.C residents have no family doctor", "Nearly 60% of British Columbians find it difficult to access a doctor or have no access at all: poll", "Emergency room, primary care closures continue over long weekend in rural B.C. [442] In addition to the CBC, some provincial governments offer their own public educational TV broadcast services as well, such as TVOntario and Tl-Qubec. [60] The American war of independence also caused a large out-migration of Loyalists, the settlers who had fought against American independence. Everyone has the following fundamental freedoms: The practice of religion is generally considered a private matter throughout society and the state. [88], The Great Depression in Canada during the early 1930s saw an economic downturn, leading to hardship across the country. [454] The Group of Seven were painters with a nationalistic and idealistic focus, who first exhibited their distinctive works in May 1920. Canada's land area is 9.98 million square kilometres (3.85 million square miles). Experience the beautiful campus and enriching community that makes Caada College the school for you! [296], The 2021 Canadian census enumerated a total population of 36,991,981, an increase of around 5.2 percent over the 2016 figure. Canada. This spring, Hudson's Bay Company is set to open Zellers stores inside 25 The Bay locations across Canada. [320] Eightypercent of Canadian adults self-report having at least one major risk factor for chronic disease: smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating or excessive alcohol use. Given its abundant natural resources, highly skilled labor force, and modern capital stock, Canada enjoyed solid economic growth from 1993 through 2007. 2. [189] Canada's three territories also have legislatures, but these are not sovereign and have fewer constitutional responsibilities than the provinces. [212] Most notably, a series of eleven treaties known as the Numbered Treaties were signed between the Indigenous peoples and the reigning monarch of Canada between 1871 and 1921. [446], Art in Canada is marked by thousands of years of habitation by its indigenous peoples. Together, the provinces collect more revenue than the federal government, a rarity among other federations in the world. Equalization payments are made by the federal government to ensure reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and poorer provinces. [79] This caused the collapse of the Plains Bison in western Canada and the introduction of European cattle farms and wheat fields dominating the land. [436][437] The Broadcasting Act declares "the system should serve to safeguard, enrich and strengthen the cultural, political, social and economic fabric of Canada". [355] The Indigenous population representing 5percent or 1.8 million individuals, grew by 9.4percent compared to the non-Indigenous population, which grew by 5.3percent from 2016 to 2021. Please select all that apply: Provincial legislatures are unicameral and operate in parliamentary fashion similar to the House of Commons. as, for instance, in the following example of a show funded by the Government of Canada at the Peel Art Gallery Museum + Archives, Brampton: officially bilingual (English and French), long and complex relationship with the United States, 24th highest nominal per capita income globally, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Linguistic areas of North American Indigenous peoples, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, the growth and change of Canada's provinces and territories, Indigenous peoples of the Canadian Prairies, hundreds of Indigenous people were discovered, world's largest land border with the United States, Terrestrial ecozones and ecoprovinces of Canada, fifteen terrestrial and five marine ecozones, endemic species compared to other countries, Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area, Scott Islands Marine National Wildlife Area, minister of innovation, science and industry, constitutionally recognized rights to land, United Nations Conference on International Organization, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Canada United States Free Trade Agreement, has one of the highest levels of Internet access in the world, Health expenditure and financing by country, Canadian Institute for Health Information, Programme for International Student Assessment, Canada's federal government practices official bilingualism, The official state policy of multiculturalism, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population", Public Works and Government Services Canada Translation Bureau, "An Act to Re-write the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, and for the Government of Canada", "November 8, 1951 (21st Parliament, 5th Session)", "Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action", "L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site", "The Irish Emigration of 1847 and Its Canadian Consequences", "The Pacific Coast Borderland and Frontier", "Railway History in Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia", "The Canadian West: An Archival Odyssey through the Records of the Department of the Interior", "Settling the West: Immigration to the Prairies from 1867 to 1914", "Social Policies in Canada: A Model for Development", "Proclamation of the Constitution Act, 1982", "Canada is celebrating 150 years of what, exactly? [416] Modern symbols emphasize the country's geography, cold climate, lifestyles and the Canadianization of traditional European and Indigenous symbols. Sell your goods or services to the government [380] With Christianity in decline after having once been central and integral to Canadian culture and daily life,[381] Canada has become a post-Christian, secular state. [61] To accommodate the influx of English-speaking Loyalists in Central Canada, the Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the province of Canada into French-speaking Lower Canada (later Quebec) and English-speaking Upper Canada (later Ontario), granting each its own elected legislative assembly. [441] The largest of these corporations is the country's national public broadcaster, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, which also plays a significant role in producing domestic cultural content, operating its own radio and TV networks in both English and French. [435], Canada's media is highly autonomous, uncensored, diverse and very regionalized. Canada's land area is 9.98 million square kilometres (3.85 million square miles). Canada is a well-performing OECD country in reading literacy, mathematics, and science with the average student scoring 523.7, compared with the OECD average of 493 in 2015. "They serve FranceHow can I serve Canada? [467], The roots of organized sports in Canada date back to the 1770s,[468] culminating in the development and popularization of the major professional games of ice hockey, lacrosse, curling, basketball, baseball, association football and Canadian football. Ottawa is its capital and Toronto is its largest city. Last updated on October 19th, 2022. Alberta and Saskatchewan became provinces in 1905. From east to west it stretches almost 4,700 miles (7,560 kilometers) across six time zones. [322][323], In 2021, the Canadian Institute for Health Information reported that healthcare spending reached $308billion, or 12.7 percent of Canada's GDP for that year. [103][104] In 1999, Nunavut became Canada's third territory after a series of negotiations with the federal government. [145] Over half of Canada's landscape is intact and relatively free of human development. The primary characteristics of Canadian humour are irony, parody, and satire. Its southern and western border with the United States, stretching 8,891 kilometres (5,525mi), is the world's longest binational land border. [83], Because Britain still maintained control of Canada's foreign affairs under the British North America Act, 1867, its declaration of war in 1914 automatically brought Canada into World War I. [294] Since the 1960s, Canada's aerospace industry has designed and built numerous marques of satellite, including Radarsat-1 and 2, ISIS and MOST. [250], Canada has a highly developed mixed-market economy,[252][253] with the world's eighth-largest economy as of 2022[update], and a nominal GDP of approximately US$2.221trillion. [12], Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the legal name for the new country at the London Conference, and the word Dominion was conferred as the country's title. [201] The Constitution Act, 1867 (known as the British North America Act, 1867 prior to 1982), affirmed governance based on parliamentary precedent and divided powers between the federal and provincial governments. [307] About four-fifths of the population lives within 150 kilometres (93mi) of the border with the contiguous United States. Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter. [332] Education is within provincial jurisdiction and the curriculum is overseen by the province. With an area of 9,984,670 square km, it is the worlds second-largest country by total area, falling behind Russia, and just beating out China and the United States. [361] In 2021, India, China, and the Philippines were the top three countries of origin for immigrants moving to Canada. Deaths. WebVisit our Campus. This paved the way for British colonies on Vancouver Island (1849) and in British Columbia (1858). Banff National Park. These included the explosion of Air India Flight 182 in 1985, the largest mass murder in Canadian history;[112] the cole Polytechnique massacre in 1989, a university shooting targeting female students;[113] and the Oka Crisis of 1990,[114] the first of a number of violent confrontations between the government and Indigenous groups. [74] In 1898, during the Klondike Gold Rush in the Northwest Territories, Parliament created the Yukon Territory. The United States and Canada traded goods and services of $680 billion in 2017 more than $1.8 billion per day. [202] The Statute of Westminster, 1931 granted full autonomy, and the Constitution Act, 1982 ended all legislative ties to Britain, as well as adding a constitutional amending formula and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. A fuel pump is seen in a car at a gas station in Toronto April 22, 2014. [124] Stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the east, along the Arctic Ocean to the north, and to the Pacific Ocean in the west, the country encompasses 9,984,670km2 (3,855,100sqmi) of territory. Canada holds the third largest oil reserves after Saudi Arabia and Venezuela, and is the only non-OPEC member in the top five. [85] Canada provided asylum for the Dutch monarchy while that country was occupied and is credited by the Netherlands for major contributions to its liberation from Nazi Germany. After a tumultuous first two seasons on the job, Matt Canada will return as the Pittsburgh Steelers' offensive coordinator in 2023, according to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. [30] The decline is attributed to several causes, including the transfer of European diseases, such as influenza, measles, and smallpox to which they had no natural immunity,[27][31] conflicts over the fur trade, conflicts with the colonial authorities and settlers, and the loss of Indigenous lands to settlers and the subsequent collapse of several nations' self-sufficiency. [62], The Canadas were the main front in the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom. [214] The role of Aboriginal law and the rights they support were reaffirmed by section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982. The Arctic Ocean is to the north of Canada. [215], Canada is recognized as a middle power for its role in international affairs with a tendency to pursue multilateral solutions. [260], In 2021, Canadian trade in goods and services reached $2.016trillion. This fact, coupled with the grandeur of the landscape, has been central to the sense of Canadian [199] The bank does not issue Canadian coins; they are issued by the Royal Canadian Mint. English and French are its Last updated on October 19th, 2022. [106] The radical Front de libration du Qubec (FLQ) ignited the October Crisis with a series of bombings and kidnappings in 1970[107] and the sovereignist Parti Qubcois was elected in 1976, organizing an unsuccessful referendum on sovereignty-association in 1980. [290] Canada has a long history of discovery in genetics, which include stem cells, site-directed mutagenesis, T-cell receptor and the identification of the genes that cause Fanconi anemia, cystic fibrosis and early-onset Alzheimer's disease, among numerous other diseases. Indigenous peoples are not considered a visible minority in Statistics Canada calculations. [161] An emphasis on social justice has been a distinguishing element of Canada's political culture. [39], It is believed that the first European to explore the east coast of Canada was Norse explorer Leif Erikson. WebCanada is a vast and rugged land. [211] Various treaties and case laws were established to mediate relations between Europeans and many Indigenous peoples. Experience the beautiful campus and enriching community that makes Caada College the school for you! It is to the north of the United States. More details on the reporting schedule. [272] Canada is additionally one of the world's largest suppliers of agricultural products; the Canadian Prairies are one of the most important global producers of wheat, canola, and other grains. ", "The Governor General of Canada: Roles and Responsibilities", "House of Commons Procedure and Practice: Parliamentary Institutions", "The Opposition in a Parliamentary System", "Government and Canada's 41st Parliament: Questions and Answers", "Difference between Canadian Provinces and Territories", "Differences from Provincial Governments", "Keeping Canada and Our Communities Safe and Secure", Aboriginal roundtable on Kelowna Accord: Aboriginal policy negotiations 20042006, "Plans at a glance and operating context", "Millennium Development Goals: A sprint to 2015 and the way forward", "Torture by Army Peacekeepers in Somalia Shocks Canada", "Russia claims North Pole with Arctic flag stunt", "Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2021", Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, "More soldiers, ships and planes for military in Liberal defence plan", "Evolution of the world's 25 top trading nations Share of global exports of goods (%), 19782020", United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, "Who owns whom? [49] Among the colonists of New France, Canadiens extensively settled the Saint Lawrence River valley and Acadians settled the present-day Maritimes, while fur traders and Catholic missionaries explored the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and the Mississippi watershed to Louisiana. [439] As a result, the preservation of a distinctly Canadian culture is supported by federal government programs, laws, and institutions such as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the National Film Board of Canada (NFB), and the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). In Ontario, French has some legal status, but is not fully co-official. Total cases. It is the second largest country in the world, but it has only one-half of one percent of the world's population. [152] Canada's oldest provincial park, Algonquin Provincial Park, established in 1893, covers an area of 7,653.45 square kilometres (2,955.01sqmi). [24][25] Some of these cultures had collapsed by the time European explorers arrived in the late 15th and early 16th centuries and have only been discovered through archeological investigations. [125] Canada has over 2,000,000 lakes563 of which are larger than 100km2 (39sqmi)containing much of the world's fresh water. [213] These treaties are agreements between the Canadian Crown-in-Council with the duty to consult and accommodate. thng tin) cn gi l Gia N i) l quc gia c din tch ln th hai trn th gii, v nm cc bc ca Bc M. Canada is the largest foreign supplier of energy to the US, including oil, natural gas, and electric power, and a top source of US uranium imports. [65] Infectious diseases killed between 25 and 33 percent of Europeans who immigrated to Canada before 1891. Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a continental climate, where daily average temperatures are near 15C (5F), but can drop below 40C (40F) with severe wind chills. COVID-19 booster dose. In turn, these may be grouped into four main regions: Western Canada, Central Canada, Atlantic Canada, and Northern Canada (Eastern Canada refers to Central Canada and Atlantic Canada together). [200], The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law of the country and consists of written text and unwritten conventions. [372] Inuktitut is the majority language in Nunavut, and is one of three official languages in the territory. [261], Since the early 20th century, the growth of Canada's manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy to an urbanized, industrial one. [455] Associated with the group was another prominent Canadian artist, Emily Carr, known for her landscapes and portrayals of the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. [325] Canada has performed close to, or above the average on the majority of OECD health indicators since the early 2000s, ranking above the average on OECD indicators for wait-times and access to care, with average scores for quality of care and use of resources. TORONTO - Canadas mens basketball team will play exhibition games against Spain and Argentina this summer in preparation for the 2023 FIBA World Cup. [333][334] Education in Canada is generally divided into primary education, followed by secondary education and post-secondary. [447] Historically, the Catholic Church was the primary patron of art in New France and early Canada, especially Quebec,[448] and in later times, artists have combined British, French, Indigenous and American artistic traditions, at times embracing European styles while working to promote nationalism. It is the worlds second-largest country by total area, although as a whole the country is sparsely populated. [125] Canada also has vast maritime terrain, with the world's longest coastline of 243,042 kilometres (151,019mi). [239], The unified Canadian Forces (CF) comprise the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force. [343], The mandatory education age ranges between 57 to 1618 years,[344] contributing to an adult literacy rate of 99 percent. [265] The Automotive Products Trade Agreement of 1965 opened Canada's borders to trade in the automobile manufacturing industry. From east to west it stretches almost 4,700 miles (7,560 kilometers) across six time zones. [245] Provinces and territories have responsibility for social programs such as health care, education, and welfare,[246] as well as administration of justice (but not criminal law). Find out what document you need to travel, visit family and friends, do business, or transit through Canada, and how to extend your stay. The border of Canada with the US is the longest bi-national land border in the world. WebInternet TLD. [475], Canada has enjoyed success both at the Winter Olympics and at the Summer Olympics,[476] though particularly the Winter Games as a "winter sports nation", and has hosted several high-profile international sporting events such as the 1976 Summer Olympics,[477] the 1988 Winter Olympics,[478] the 2010 Winter Olympics[479][480] and the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. [94] After two referendums, Newfoundlanders voted to join Canada in 1949 as a province. [249] As the division of powers between the federal government and the provinces is defined in the constitution, any changes require a constitutional amendment. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the etymological origins of Canada, the name is now accepted as coming from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata, meaning "village" or "settlement". [430], Numerous Canadian authors have accumulated international literary awards,[431] including novelist, poet, and literary critic Margaret Atwood, who received two Booker Prizes;[432] Nobel laureate Alice Munro, who has been called the best living writer of short stories in English;[433] and Booker Prize recipient Michael Ondaatje, who wrote the novel The English Patient, which was adapted as a film of the same name that won the Academy Award for Best Picture. [141] These ecozones encompass over 80,000 classified species of Canadian wildlife, with an equal number yet to be formally recognized or discovered. Includes workplace eligibility, steps to apply, processing times, and what you need to do before you work in Canada. [426] The earliest Canadian narratives were of travel and exploration. A highly developed country, Canada has the 24th highest nominal per capita income globally and the fifteenth-highest ranking on the Human Development Index. [401][402] In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and there is a French Canadian culture that is distinct from English Canadian culture. [225], Canada and the United States share the world's longest undefended border, co-operate on military campaigns and exercises, and are each other's largest trading partner. [278] It is furthermore home to the headquarters of a number of global technology firms. 49,871. [371] Several Indigenous languages have official status in the Northwest Territories. 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