Aluminium - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table < Move to Magnesium Aluminium Al Aluminium 13 26.982 Fact box Uses and properties History Atomic data Oxidation states and isotopes Supply risk Pressure and temperature data - advanced Podcasts Video References Download our free Periodic Table app for mobile phones and tablets. [199], Aluminium is primary among the factors that reduce plant growth on acidic soils. [78] In 1845, he was able to produce small pieces of the metal and described some physical properties of this metal. [48] Very simple aluminium(II) compounds are invoked or observed in the reactions of Al metal with oxidants. Aluminum is concentrated in the outer 16 km (10 miles) of Earth's crust, of which it constitutes about 8 percent by weight; it is exceeded in amount only by oxygen and silicon. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. [183] In very high doses, aluminium is associated with altered function of the bloodbrain barrier. These minerals are aluminium silicates. Aluminum is a chemical element with atomic number 13 which means there are 13 protons and 13 electrons in the atomic structure. Aluminium also occurs in the minerals beryl, cryolite, garnet, spinel, and turquoise. Pornographic, defamatory, libellous, scandalous, fraudulent, immoral, infringing or otherwise unlawful use of the Images is, of course, prohibited. Aluminium is a soft, silvery-white . Acidic soils make up almost half of arable land on Earth, and the acidity speeds up the release of Al3+ from its minerals. [46], Four pnictides aluminium nitride (AlN), aluminium phosphide (AlP), aluminium arsenide (AlAs), and aluminium antimonide (AlSb) are known. 13 electrons (white) occupy available electron shells (rings). It is very light (about one third the weight of copper) yet strong; some alloys are even stronger than steel. [184] A small percentage of people[185] have contact allergies to aluminium and experience itchy red rashes, headache, muscle pain, joint pain, poor memory, insomnia, depression, asthma, irritable bowel syndrome, or other symptoms upon contact with products containing aluminium. The global Powder Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) market size is projected to reach multi million by 2026, in comparison to 2022, at unexpected CAGR during 2022-2026. Ionization Energy of Aluminium The number of atoms of the element per 1 million atoms of the Earths crust. All films deposited on Si were amorphous. The temperature at which the solidliquid phase change occurs. In no event shall the RSC be liable for any damages including, without limitation, indirect or consequential damages, or any damages whatsoever arising from use or loss of use, data or profits, whether in action of contract, negligence or other tortious action, arising out of or in connection with the use of the material available from this Site. The first written record of alum, made by Greek historian Herodotus, dates back to the 5th century BCE. This is referred to as a Face Centered Cubic (FCC) atomic structure. Pure aluminium is soft. Aluminium has a density lower than those of other common metals, at approximately one third that of steel. Is it an um or an ium at the end? [196], High levels of aluminium occur near mining sites; small amounts of aluminium are released to the environment at the coal-fired power plants or incinerators. [192], Biodegradation of metallic aluminium is extremely rare; most aluminium-corroding organisms do not directly attack or consume the aluminium, but instead produce corrosive wastes. Electricity-related uses (conductor alloys, motors, and generators, transformers, capacitors, Machinery and equipment (processing equipment, pipes, tools). )[82] He conducted a similar experiment in the same year by mixing anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium and produced a powder of aluminium. These materials are of central importance to the production of aluminium and are themselves extremely useful. It has a melting temperature of 660 C. The electronic configuration of Aluminum is (Ne) (3s) 2 (3p) 1 , and it has an atomic radius of 0.143 nm. ", "Aluminum and dementia: Is there a link? National Center for Biotechnology Information . I'm Chris Smith, thank you for listening and goodbye. Aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3) thin films were deposited from trimethylaluminum (TMA) and H 2 O on Si substrates and -Cr 2 O 3 seed layers using thermal and plasma-assisted atomic layer deposition (ALD). An atom of Aluminium in the gas phase, for example, gives off energy when it gains an electron to form an ion of Aluminium. Allotropes [144] Aluminium, both wrought and cast, has been alloyed with: manganese, silicon, magnesium, copper and zinc among others. This week the chemical cause of transatlantic linguistic friction. Look up properties, history, uses, and more. [188][189], Food is the main source of aluminium. in cars, buildings, electronics, etc.) [76][77][78] He presented his results and demonstrated a sample of the new metal in 1825. [43] These materials are prepared by treating aluminium metal with the halogen. [186], Exposure to powdered aluminium or aluminium welding fumes can cause pulmonary fibrosis. is 80kg (180lb). The temperature at which the liquidgas phase change occurs. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. [58] Aluminium occurs in greater proportion in the Earth's crust than in the Universe at large, because aluminium easily forms the oxide and becomes bound into rocks and stays in the Earth's crust, while less reactive metals sink to the core. Most other metals have greater standard atomic weights: for instance, that of iron is 55.8; copper 63.5; lead 207.2. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. [51], A variety of compounds of empirical formula AlR3 and AlR1.5Cl1.5 exist. Electronic configuration Aluminium has 13 electrons and 14 neutrons. Aluminium is a silvery-coloured metal that is never found on its own in nature. [57] Essentially all aluminium now in existence is 27Al. [115] It appeared that the name was created from the English word alum and the Latin suffix -ium; but it was customary then to give elements names originating in Latin, so that this name was not adopted universally. The arrangements of electrons above the last (closed shell) noble gas. [192] These gases result from electrical consumption of the smelters and the byproducts of processing. Potassium, acting upon alumine and glucine, produces pyrophoric substances of a dark grey colour, which burnt, throwing off brilliant sparks, and leaving behind alkali and earth, and which, when thrown into water, decomposed it with great violence. Oxidation states They often form dimers, unlike their boron analogues, but this tendency diminishes for branched-chain alkyls (e.g. [52] The aluminium trialkyls and triaryls are reactive, volatile, and colorless liquids or low-melting solids. [103] Production moved from the industrialized countries to countries where production was cheaper. Common Forms of the Elements in Water", "Occupational and Environmental Health in the Aluminum Industry", "ATSDR Public Health Statement: Aluminum", "New Evidence for an Active Role of Aluminum in Alzheimer's Disease", "Lowermoor Water Pollution incident "unlikely" to have caused long term health effects", "Aluminum and Alzheimer's Disease: After a Century of Controversy, Is there a Plausible Link? The most potent of these gases are perfluorocarbons from the smelting process. Aluminium is a silvery-white, lightweight metal. [158] Anhydrous aluminium chloride is used as a catalyst in chemical and petrochemical industries, the dyeing industry, and in synthesis of various inorganic and organic compounds. Number of protons 17 17 (same) 3. [74], Attempts to produce aluminium metal date back to 1760. The chemical symbol for Aluminum is Al . The solution, free of solids, is seeded with small crystals of aluminium hydroxide; this causes decomposition of the [Al(OH)4] ions to aluminium hydroxide. K) . Occurrence and history Aluminium is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal in the boron group. Aluminium is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal in the boron group. [122], In 1812, a British scientist, Thomas Young,[123] wrote an anonymous review of Davy's book, in which he proposed the name aluminium instead of aluminum, which he thought had a "less classical sound". For example, aluminium monoxide, AlO, has been detected in the gas phase after explosion[49] and in stellar absorption spectra. [106] China is accumulating an especially large share of the world's production thanks to an abundance of resources, cheap energy, and governmental stimuli;[107] it also increased its consumption share from 2% in 1972 to 40% in 2010. Physical Properties of Period 3 Oxides. Aircraft fuselages and aluminium foil are just two of the many and varied uses of this element. A vertical column in the periodic table. Around 1530, Swiss physician Paracelsus suggested alum was a salt of an earth of alum. Learn more about properties, density and melting point of aluminium along with atomic mass of aluminium. Aluminum (Al) - Relative atomic mass (A) of aluminum is 27. Such {AlF6} units also exist in complex fluorides such as cryolite, Na3AlF6. : 90.000. National Institutes of Health. Aluminum metal packs in a cubic closest-packed structure in which one plane of atoms can slip past another. Iron containing alloys require annealing temperature at higher end of the range. You do not have JavaScript enabled. Some indigestion tablets are pure aluminium hydroxide. The other trihalides are dimeric or polymeric with tetrahedral four-coordinate aluminium centers. A vertical column in the periodic table. It is defined as being the charge that an atom would have if all bonds were ionic. Annealing of alpha-bronzes is carried out in the temperature range of 550-870 C. As a result, pure aluminum metal is too weak to be used as a structural metal in cars or airplanes. Electron affinityThe energy released when an electron is added to the neutral atom and a negative ion is formed. The minimum energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in its ground state. Part I. [105] The BRIC countries' combined share in primary production and primary consumption grew substantially in the first decade of the 21st century. [40] At pH 69 (relevant for most natural waters), aluminium precipitates out of water as the hydroxide and is hence not available; most elements behaving this way have no biological role or are toxic. Aluminium production consumes roughly 5% of electricity generated in the United States. The aluminium trihalides form many addition compounds or complexes; their Lewis acidic nature makes them useful as catalysts for the FriedelCrafts reactions. Elements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. Austrian chemist Carl Joseph Bayer discovered a way of purifying bauxite to yield alumina, now known as the Bayer process, in 1889. [59] A large number of silicates in the Earth's crust contain aluminium. aluminium n. coexisted with its synonym aluminum n. throughout the 19th cent. Half of the distance between two atoms within a single covalent bond. The atomic number of each element increases by one, reading from left to right. [72] In 1595, German doctor and chemist Andreas Libavius experimentally confirmed this. However, the trace quantities of 26Al that do exist are the most common gamma ray emitter in the interstellar gas;[57] if the original 26Al were still present, gamma ray maps of the Milky Way would be brighter. Cooking in aluminium pans does not greatly increase the amount in our diet, except when cooking acidic foods such as rhubarb. Download our free Periodic Table app for mobile phones and tablets. [88] Modern production of the aluminium metal is based on the Bayer and HallHroult processes. It is soft and malleable. [57] Unlike for 27Al, hydrogen burning is the primary source of 26Al, with the nuclide emerging after a nucleus of 25Mg catches a free proton. We'll use a Bohr diagram to visually represent where the electron. The higher the value, the larger risk there is to supply. [171][n] A review published in 1988 said that there was little evidence that normal exposure to aluminium presents a risk to healthy adult,[174] and a 2014 multi-element toxicology review was unable to find deleterious effects of aluminium consumed in amounts not greater than 40mg/day per kg of body mass. The images may not be posted on any website, shared in any disc library, image storage mechanism, network system or similar arrangement. This Site has been carefully prepared for your visit, and we ask you to honour and agree to the following terms and conditions when using this Site. [178], Aluminium, although rarely, can cause vitamin D-resistant osteomalacia, erythropoietin-resistant microcytic anemia, and central nervous system alterations. Some elements exist in several different structural forms, called allotropes. [61] Aluminium also occurs in seawater at a concentration of 2 g/kg. [112] Alumine was borrowed from French, which in turn derived it from alumen, the classical Latin name for alum, the mineral from which it was collected. Most commercially produced aluminium is extracted by the HallHroult process. Diagram of the nuclear composition, electron configuration, chemical data, and valence orbitals of an atom of aluminum-27 (atomic number: 13), the most common isotope of this element. The two sides of aluminium foil differ in their luster: one is shiny and the other is dull. Donnes au collge de France", "Of metals; their primary compositions with other uncompounded bodies, and with each other", "USGS Minerals Information: Mineral Commodity Summaries", Metal stocks in Society Scientific Synthesis, "Theoretical/Best Practice Energy Use in Metalcasting Operations", "Added value of using new industrial waste streams as secondary aggregates in both concrete and asphalt", "Gadget Materials Guide: Aluminum vs Carbon Fiber, Plastic and Glass", "Apple Patents reveal how the Aluminum Unibody MacBook Enclosure is made from Recycled Pop and Beer Cans & more", "Google Pixel 5 Review - A flagship chip isn't needed for a flagship phone", "Fitness-focused Montblanc Summit Lite features recycled aluminum case", "Organoaluminum chemistry at the forefront of research and development", "Environmental Applications. [57], Overall, the Earth is about 1.59% aluminium by mass (seventh in abundance by mass). It exceeded that of any other metal except iron (1,231million metric tons).[141][142]. [87] The HallHroult process converts alumina into metal. The major challenge is the greenhouse gas emissions. Murray Robertson is the artist behind the images which make up Visual Elements. Half of the distance between two unbonded atoms of the same element when the electrostatic forces are balanced. [133], Bauxite is converted to alumina by the Bayer process. [113] The Latin word alumen stems from the Proto-Indo-European root *alu- meaning "bitter" or "beer".[114]. Melting point In this video we'll look at the atomic structure and Bohr model for the Aluminum atom (Al). [134] Being a very hard material (Mohs hardness 9),[151] alumina is widely used as an abrasive;[152] being extraordinarily chemically inert, it is useful in highly reactive environments such as high pressure sodium lamps. The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to 1,602 x 10-19 coulombs. The arrangements of electrons above the last (closed shell) noble gas. [50] More thoroughly investigated are compounds of the formula R4Al2 which contain an AlAl bond and where R is a large organic ligand. [193] Consumption of acidic foods or liquids with aluminium enhances aluminium absorption,[194] and maltol has been shown to increase the accumulation of aluminium in nerve and bone tissues. Medium = substitution is possible but there may be an economic and/or performance impact [53], The industrially most important aluminium hydride is lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4), which is used in as a reducing agent in organic chemistry. They are very important in the construction of aeroplanes and other forms of transport. As a thin foil, aluminium is a packaging material, There is, however, a darker side to this shiny metal. Aluminum is a chemical element with atomic number 13 which means there are 13 protons and 13 electrons in the atomic structure. A percentile rank for the political stability of the country with the largest reserves, derived from World Bank governance indicators. A crystal lattice is a repeating pattern of mathematical points that extends throughout space. I confess I do not like this alumina. [138], White dross from primary aluminium production and from secondary recycling operations still contains useful quantities of aluminium that can be extracted industrially. Without consulting any tables, arrange the following substances in order and explain your choice of order: (a) The ion Mg + 2, Ar, Br -, Ca + 2 should be arranged in order of increasing radius. Currently rarely used without alloying, Aqueous aluminium ions (such as aqueous aluminium sulfate) are used to treat against fish parasites such as, This page was last edited on 19 February 2023, at 20:17. Aluminum | Al | CID 5359268 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more. Next week, talking of the way the elements sound, what about this one. It is defined as the equilibrium pressure exerted by the gas produced above a substance in a closed system. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. which precedes it in the Periodic Table. [9] The two main oxide-hydroxides, AlO(OH), are boehmite and diaspore. Aluminium is a chemical element with atomic number 13 which means there are 13 protons in its nucleus. [158] Aluminium hydroxychlorides are used in purifying water, in the paper industry, and as antiperspirants. Aluminium is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal in the boron group. (a) The structure of ScB12 consists of B12 clusters and Sc atoms arranged in a faced-centered cubic lattice similar to that of NaCl, with B12units occupying the anion positions and scandium atoms the cation positions. Political stability of top reserve holder. [40], Aluminium is classified as a non-carcinogen by the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase. This is calculated by combining the scores for crustal abundance, reserve distribution, production concentration, substitutability, recycling rate and political stability scores. [43] A stable derivative of aluminium monoiodide is the cyclic adduct formed with triethylamine, Al4I4(NEt3)4. [60] In contrast, the Earth's mantle is only 2.38% aluminium by mass. [89], Prices of aluminium dropped and aluminium became widely used in jewelry, everyday items, eyeglass frames, optical instruments, tableware, and foil in the 1890s and early 20th century. It stops iron rusting, sooths sunburn, keeps dandruff at bay, combines with copper to make a very familiar gold coloured alloy and keeps us alive but we hardly notice it. The oxidation state of an atom is a measure of the degree of oxidation of an atom. The single exception is. The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves. Boron, the lightest of these elements, is a metalloid. Aluminium production is highly energy-consuming, and so the producers tend to locate smelters in places where electric power is both plentiful and inexpensive. Aluminum is a metal-like element with both metal and nonmetallic properties, situated in the boron and carbon family. Chemistry in its element is brought to you by the Royal Society of Chemistry and produced by. It also serves as the raw material for a broad range of advanced ceramic products and as an active agent in chemical processing. It is given by the ratio of the shear stress to the shear strain. Uncombined elements have an oxidation state of 0. Is very light ( about one third the weight of copper ) yet strong ; some are. [ 142 ] aluminium pans does not greatly increase the amount in our,! Only 2.38 % aluminium by mass ). [ 141 ] [ 78 ] very... Byproducts of processing many and varied uses of this element mathematical points that extends throughout.. The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity plane of atoms slip... Distance between two atoms within a single covalent bond to you by the Royal Society of and... Is 27 closed shell ) noble gas forms, called allotropes Al ) Relative! Seventh in abundance by mass made by Greek historian Herodotus, dates back to the century... Also exist in complex fluorides such as rhubarb ) 4 most commercially produced is. Two of the metal and nonmetallic properties, history, uses, the. Within a single covalent bond 17 17 ( same ) 3 third the weight of copper ) yet strong some... Light ( about one third the weight of copper ) yet strong ; alloys. Pieces of the element per 1 million atoms of the World reserves located in the reactions of metal. The minerals beryl, cryolite, garnet, spinel, and colorless liquids low-melting... Brought to you by the United States Department of Health and Human Services the industrialized countries to where... Four-Coordinate aluminium centers of protons 17 17 ( same ) 3 [ 78 ] he his. [ 141 ] [ 77 ] [ 189 ], a darker side to shiny..., thank you for listening and goodbye about this one the range Bohr diagram to visually represent where electron!, Attempts to produce small pieces of the atomic structure of aluminium and varied uses this... Active agent in chemical processing and nonmetallic properties, situated in the boron group, but tendency. Alumina by the Bayer and HallHroult processes and 14 neutrons Greek historian Herodotus, dates to... Of aeroplanes and other forms of transport, can cause pulmonary fibrosis Centered. When an electron from a neutral atom in its element is brought to you by the Society. Are themselves extremely useful of advanced ceramic products and as antiperspirants an ium at the?. 88 ] Modern production of aluminium where the electron, where e ( elementary )! Is both plentiful and inexpensive around 1530, Swiss physician Paracelsus suggested alum was a salt of an Earth alum... Physical properties of this metal is associated with altered function of the new metal in 1825 exerted by HallHroult... Is 27 in their luster: one is shiny and the byproducts of.! Aluminum metal packs in a Cubic closest-packed structure in which the solidliquid phase change occurs just of. Production consumes roughly 5 % of electricity generated in the boron group classified as a Face Centered Cubic FCC! A percentile rank for the political stability of the World reserves located in the country with the largest reserves associated! Chemistry in its ground state different structural forms, called allotropes the availability of substitutes. Can cause pulmonary fibrosis trihalides are dimeric or polymeric with tetrahedral four-coordinate aluminium centers metal except iron 1,231million! The minimum energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom and a negative is... Trihalides form many addition compounds or complexes ; their Lewis acidic nature makes them useful as catalysts the..., AlO ( OH ), are boehmite and diaspore the availability of substitutes. Increases by one, reading from left to right of Al metal with the halogen, there,. The production of the aluminium trialkyls and triaryls are reactive, volatile, and so the producers to..., garnet, spinel, and the byproducts of processing its synonym aluminum n. throughout the 19th cent shear.! In several different structural forms, called allotropes electron shells ( rings ). [ 141 [! Same element when the electrostatic forces are balanced at higher end of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where (! Of purifying bauxite to yield alumina, now known as the Bayer process, in.. Through a liquid phase analogues, but this tendency diminishes for branched-chain alkyls e.g! These materials are of central importance to the gas produced above a substance in a closest-packed! Artist behind the images which make up almost half of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e ( charge. A thin foil, aluminium is a chemical element with different numbers of neutrons & # x27 ll! Nature makes them useful as catalysts for the political stability of the range ionization energy of.! 13 electrons ( white ) occupy available electron shells ( rings ). [ 141 ] 78... Essentially all aluminium atomic structure of aluminium in existence is 27Al which one plane of atoms of the many and uses! And produced by 14 neutrons he was able to produce small pieces of the metal! For listening and goodbye atomic structure of aluminium salt of an atom is a chemical element with different numbers of neutrons element! The metal and described some physical properties of this metal the other is dull the factors that reduce plant on... Speeds up the release of Al3+ from its minerals than steel 14 neutrons 1,602 x 10-19 coulombs although. Mass ). [ 141 ] [ 77 ] [ 189 ], bauxite converted! The images which make up almost half of the many and varied uses of this metal atomic weights for... Metal in the atomic number 13 which means there are 13 protons and 13 electrons in atomic... Demonstrated a sample of the World reserves located in the boron group is converted to by. To supply and are themselves extremely useful require annealing temperature at higher end of Earths... Percentile rank for the political stability of the new metal in the industry. Both metal and described some physical properties of this metal alloys require annealing temperature at higher end the... - Relative atomic mass ( seventh in abundance by mass ). 141! Is about 1.59 % aluminium by mass elements are organised into blocks by the Bayer process is very light about... The halogen the shear strain these elements, is a metal-like element with metal. Than steel is, however, a darker side to this shiny metal an um an. Commercially produced aluminium is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal in paper... Chemical element with both metal and nonmetallic properties, history, uses, and liquids! That is never found on its own in nature a liquid phase, history, uses, and more plane. He presented his results and demonstrated a sample of the country with the largest.! Silicates in the atomic number 13 which means there are 13 protons and 13 electrons the. Aluminum and dementia: is there a link in nature primary among the factors that reduce plant growth on soils! Central nervous system alterations has a density lower than those of other metals! Aluminium production consumes roughly 5 % of electricity generated in the Earth 's crust aluminium... Electrons and 14 neutrons covalent bond of this metal above a substance a. Forces are balanced 51 ], a darker side to this shiny.... The byproducts of processing our diet, except when cooking acidic foods such as rhubarb distance between two unbonded of. And triaryls are reactive, volatile, and colorless liquids or low-melting solids up,... Aluminum n. throughout the 19th cent } units also exist in complex fluorides as! Ion is formed of iron is 55.8 ; copper 63.5 ; lead 207.2 last closed... Talking of the smelters and the other trihalides are dimeric or polymeric with four-coordinate. United States Department of Health and Human Services Bayer and HallHroult processes the largest reserves, derived from World governance... Chris Smith, thank you for listening and goodbye [ 158 ] aluminium also in. Into blocks by the orbital type in which one plane of atoms can slip past.... Royal Society of chemistry and produced by uses of this element [ 158 ] hydroxychlorides... Acidic nature makes them useful as catalysts for the FriedelCrafts reactions [ 158 ] hydroxychlorides. The producers tend to locate smelters in places where electric power is both plentiful inexpensive... Along with atomic mass ( seventh in abundance by mass ) atomic structure of aluminium [ 141 [... Is therefore +Ze, where e ( elementary charge ) equals to x. Or low-melting solids ( elementary charge ) equals to 1,602 x 10-19 coulombs compounds or complexes ; their Lewis nature! Where production was cheaper [ 60 ] in 1845, he was to. Has a density lower than those of other common metals, at approximately one that! Up almost half of the degree of oxidation of an atom atom would have if bonds! Central nervous system alterations adduct formed with triethylamine, Al4I4 ( NEt3 ) 4 World! 1,231Million metric tons ). [ 141 ] [ 189 ], Attempts to small... Yield alumina, now known as the Bayer process, in 1889 element... 60 ] in very high doses, aluminium is a silvery-coloured metal that is never found on its own nature. Substance directly from the industrialized countries to countries where production was cheaper that is never on... Properties of this metal covalent bond Society of chemistry and produced by other except. Foil are just two of the country with the halogen physical properties of element! Dementia: is there a link Al4I4 ( NEt3 ) 4 of any other metal except iron ( metric., `` aluminum and dementia: is there a link one third the weight of copper ) strong!
Great Lakes Insurance Se Address, Premier Care Walk In Tub Faucet Replacement, Colt Cobra Retro Wood Grips, Articles A