The successful soft landing of Surveyor 1 on the Ocean of Storms was the first by an American space probe on any extraterrestrial body,[2] occurring on the first attempt and just four months after the first Moon landing by the Soviet Union's Luna 9 probe. Surveyor 1 fell freely to the surface from this height, and it landed on the lunar surface on June 2, 1966, on the Oceanus Procellarum.
Surveyor 1's shadow against the lunar surface (upside-down image), Irregularly shaped crater at the landing site, Mottled rock about 50 cm long near Surveyor 1. However, since it was solar-powered, Surveyor 1 had no electricity with which to function during the two weeks of the lunar nights. Its retrorockets were turned off at a height of about 3.4 meters above the lunar surface. Credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Arizona State University, http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/lroc_20090930_surveyor1.html. As such, it was one of the great successes of NASA's early lunar and interplanetary program. The Surveyor program was managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, in Los Angeles County, California, but the Surveyor space probe was designed by Gary Mizuhara of EOS (Electrical Optical Systems, Covina, Ca.)
The persistency was selected to optimally match the nominal maximum frame rate. The remaining transmissions were of 600-line pictures over a directional antenna, and each frame was scanned every 3.6 seconds. The camera was mounted under a mirror that could be moved in azimuth and elevation. Surveyor 1 was the first U.S. spacecraft to land on the moon (June 2, 1966). This location was at 2°28′26″S 43°20′20″W / 2.474°S 43.339°W / -2.474; -43.339.
Because the Moon always presents the same face to Earth, "line-of-sight" radio communications with Surveyor 1 required only changes in ground stations as the Earth rotated. Each 200-line picture required 20 seconds for a complete video transmission and it used a radio bandwidth of about 1.2 kilohertz. Strain gauges were mounted on each leg shock absorber to record the peak axial forces at landing impact of the spacecraft. Surveyor 1 transmitted video data from the Moon beginning shortly after its landing through July 14, 1966, but with a period of no operations during the two-week long lunar night of June 14, 1966 through July 7, 1966. Published on Oct 1, 2009 Second view of Tranquility Base and first view of Surveyor 1 landing site made by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. The scene shows the spacecraft (annotated with an arrow) just south of a subdued 40 m diameter crater and about 110 m northwest of a 190 m diameter crater lined with boulders. The mirror drive mechanism consisting of stepper motors provided a step size of 2.48° ±0.1° in elevation and 3.0° ±0.1° in azimuth.
(Later Surveyor space probes, beginning with Surveyor 3, carried scientific instruments to measure the composition and mechanical properties of the lunar "soil".). Learn how and when to remove this template message, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "Chandrayaan-2 landing: 40% lunar missions in last 60 years failed, finds Nasa report", "Fifty Years of Moon Dust: Surveyor 1 was a Pathfinder for Apollo", Surveyor 1 digitized panorama with color photometric target, Surveyor I - A Preliminary Report - June 1, 1966 (PDF), Surveyor I mission report. Part II - Scientific data and results - Sep 1966 (PDF), Details of Surveyor 1 launch, and also more on the Surveyor program, Commercial Orbital Transportation Services, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surveyor_1&oldid=959813755, Spacecraft launched by Atlas-Centaur rockets, Articles needing additional references from May 2020, All articles needing additional references, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 7 months, 8 days (launch to last contact), Missions are ordered by launch date. These spacecraft carried two television cameras — one for its approach, which was not used in this case, and one for taking still pictures of the lunar surface.
Included in these pictures were wide-angle and narrow-angle panoramas, focus ranging surveys, photometric surveys, special area surveys, and celestial photography. The TV camera consisted of a vidicon tube, a zoom lens operated at either end of its range resulting in 25 millimeter and 100 millimeter focal-lengths, resulting in optical fields of view of 25.3 or 6.43 degrees, a shutter, several optical filters, and iris-system mounted along an axis inclined approximately 16 degrees from the central axis of Surveyor 1. The TV camera consisted of a vidicon tube, a zoom lens operated at either end of its range resulting in 25 millimeter and 100 millimeter focal-lengths, resulting in optical fields of view of 25.3 or 6.43 degrees, a shutter, several optical filters, and iris-system mounted along an axis inclined approximately 16 degrees from the central axis of Surveyor 1. Apollo 11 was the first manned landing …
The return of engineering information (temperatures, etc.) Surveyor 1, the first of a series of seven robotic spacecraft sent to the moon to gather data in preparation for NASA's Apollo missions, was the first spacecraft to make a true soft landing on the moon. The television images were displayed on Earth on a slow-scan monitor coated with a long persistency phosphor. The rotation of the mirror in the azimuth direction, while providing azimuth cover… The image was taken in the lunar afternoon, such that the sun is low on the western horizon and the 3.3 meter tall spacecraft casts a long shadow (almost 15 m long) to the east. Surveyor 1's lunar launch weight was about 995.2 kilograms (2,194 lb), and its landing weight (minus expended maneuvering propellant, its solid-fueled retrorocket (which had been jettisoned), and its radar altimeter system) was about 294.3 kilograms (649 lb).
Among hundreds of other challenges, an uninterrupted communication link for navigation and control was critical to success.[3]. Crewed missions are in, This page was last edited on 30 May 2020, at 19:12. The Surveyor 1 landing site is also one of the areas identified by Project Constellation as a high-priority target for future human lunar exploration. The camera was mounted under a mirror that could be moved in azimuth and elevation. Surveyor 1 was launched May 30, 1966 and sent directly into a trajectory to the Moon without any parking orbit. and built by the Hughes Aircraft Company in El Segundo, California. The landing of Surveyor 1 was carried live on some television networks, and the success of the first Surveyor landing was considered surprising, especially after the failure of a number of the Ranger spacecraft en route to the Moon. The duration of the spaceflight of Surveyor 1 was about 63 hours, 30 minutes. Flamsteed itself lies within Flamsteed P on the south side. The Surveyor series of space probes was designed to carry out the first soft landings on the Moon by any American spacecraft. Over 100 engineering sensors were on board each Surveyor. Surveyor 1's first hour on the Moon was spent performing engineering tests.
These spacecraft also acquired data on the radar reflectivity of the lunar surface, the load-bearing strength of the lunar surface, and the temperatures for use in the analysis of the lunar surface temperatures. One frame of TV identification was received for each incoming TV frame, and it was displayed in real time at a rate compatible with the incoming image. Surveyor 1 was the first lunar soft-lander in the uncrewed Surveyor program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, United States). Surveyor 1 was launched May 30, 1966, from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station at Cape Canaveral, Florida, and it landed on the Moon on June 2, 1966. The landing site was at 2.4745 S, 316.6602 E (as determined from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter images) on a flat area inside a 100 km crater north of Flamsteed Crater in southwest Oceanus Procellarum. Surveyor 1 transmitted 11,237 still photos of the lunar surface to the Earth by using a television camera and a sophisticated radio-telemetry system. The data transmissions were converted into a standard TV signal for both closed-circuit TV and broadcast TV. Frame-by-frame coverage of the lunar surface was obtained over 360 degrees in azimuth and from +40 degrees above the plane normal to the camera's axis to -65 degrees below this plane. The rotation of the mirror in the azimuth direction, while providing azimuth coverage capability results in an image rotation proportional to the angular azimuth position of the mirror. These data were recorded on a video magnetic tape recorder.
Surveyor 1 responded to commands to activate the camera on July 7, and by July 14, 1966, it had returned nearly 1000 more pictures. This lunar soft-lander gathered data about the lunar surface that would be needed for the crewed Apollo Moon landings that began in 1969. [4] The TV camera's operation was dependent on the receipt of the proper radio commands from the Earth. The 200-line mode transmitted over an omnidirectional antenna for the first 14 photos and scanned one frame every 61.8 seconds. They were designed to accept a force of approximately 800 kgf (7.8 kN). [1] This is within the northeast portion of the large crater called Flamsteed P (or the Flamsteed Ring). This calibrated stepping reference allowed the creation of large composite mosaics of the lunar surface and using the data read-back from the iris and focus positioning of the lens permitted some photogrammetric measurements of various lunar features.
Each 600-line picture required about one second to be read from the vidicon tube, and they required a radio bandwidth of about 220 kilohertz.
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