Saturn required only one new factory, for the largest of the proposed lower stages, and was selected primarily for that reason. On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union unexpectedly launched Sputnik I. The result was a very tall and skinny rocket, quite different from the Saturn that eventually emerged. They had already accepted Krafft Ehricke's arguments that hydrogen was the only practical fuel for upper stages, and started the Centaur project based on the strength of these arguments. The Air Force had recently expressed an interest in such an engine, which would develop into the famed F-1, but at the time they were aiming for 1,000,000 lbf (4,400 kN) and the engines would not be ready until the mid-1960s. It was estimated that this approach would save as much as $60 million in development and cut as much as two years of R&D time.[16]. That's it. NASA started examining a number of potential rocket designs under their Nova program. There was no immediate response while everyone waited for Vanguard to launch, but the continued delays in Vanguard and the November launch of Sputnik II resulted in the go-ahead being given that month. von Braun had always expressed an interest in this goal, and had been studying what would be required for a lunar mission for some time. He last mentioned this in a speech given at Brooks AFB in San Antonio on the day before he was assassinated. Awalnya diusulkan sebagai peluncur satelit militer, mereka diadopsi sebagai kendaraan peluncur untuk program bulan Apollo.Tiga versi diterbangkan, Saturn I, IB Saturnus dan Saturnus V. [3], Some time in late 1956 or early 1957 the Department of Defense released a requirement for a heavy-lift vehicle to orbit a new class of communications and "other" satellites (the spy satellite program was top secret). Originally proposed as a military satellite launcher, they were adopted as the launch vehicles for the Apollo Moon program. Both the Nova and Saturn rockets, which shared a similar design and could share some parts, were evaluated for the mission. Further, they wanted ABMA to produce three additional boosters, the last two of which would be "capable of placing limited payloads in orbit. Both approaches had their own advantages and disadvantages. Originally proposed as a military satellite launcher, they were adopted as the launch vehicles for the Apollo moon program.Three versions were built and flown: Saturn I, Saturn IB, and Saturn V. After the Sputnik launch, these efforts gained urgency and were quickly moved forward. Although it too relied on the Centaur for high-altitude missions, the rocket was usable for low-Earth orbit without Centaur, which offered some flexibility in case Centaur ran into problems. Keluarga pendorong roket Saturnus Amerika dikembangkan oleh sebuah tim ilmuwan roket sebagian besar Jerman yang dipimpin oleh Wernher von Braun untuk meluncurkan muatan berat untuk orbit Bumi dan seterusnya. [citation needed]. The engine-cluster appeared to be the only way to meet the requirements on time and budget. The rocket's first flight, for the Apollo 4 mission, took place 50 years ago, on Nov. 9, 1967. On 23 September 1958, ARPA and the Army Ordnance Missile Command (AOMC) drew up an additional agreement enlarging the scope of the program, stating "In addition to the captive dynamic firing..., it is hereby agreed that this program should now be extended to provide for a propulsion flight test of this booster by approximately September 1960." Combinations in-between these extremes would be used for other satellite launching duties. Apollo used Saturn family rockets as launch vehicles, which were also used for an Apollo Applications Program, which consisted of Skylab, a space station that supported three crewed missions in 1973–74, and the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, a joint US-Soviet Union Earth-orbit mission in 1975. Although some flights experienced significant problems, no Saturn rocket failed catastrophically in flight. The United States launched 32 Saturn rockets between 1961 and 1975. To launch such a large spacecraft, a new booster with much greater power would be needed; even the Saturn was not nearly large enough. This would provide valuable testing for the S-IV as well as a launch platform for capsules and other components in low earth orbit. NASA therefore decided to also continue development of the C-1 (later Saturn I) as a test vehicle, since its lower stage was based on existing technology (Redstone and Jupiter tankage) and its upper stage was already in development. H. H. Koelle et al., "Juno V Space Vehicle Development Program, Phase I: Booster Feasibility Demonstration", ABMA, Redstone Arsenal, Report DSP-TM-10-58, October 13, 1958, "Proposal: A National Integrated Missile and Space Vehicle Development Program", ABMA, Redstone Arsenal, Report D-R-37, December 10, 1957, historicspacecraft.com, Saturn I & IB Rockets, "Project Vanguard, Why it failed to live up to its name", spaceline.org, SATURN I Fact Sheet, by Cliff Lethbridge. The group was given the job of catching up to the Soviets in space technology as quickly as possible, using whatever technology it could, regardless of the origin. The members of the Saturn family that were actually built were: From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, H. H. Koelle et al., "Juno V Space Vehicle Development Program, Phase I: Booster Feasibility Demonstration", ABMA, Redstone Arsenal, Report DSP-TM-10-58, 13 October 1958, "Proposal: A National Integrated Missile and Space Vehicle Development Program", ABMA, Redstone Arsenal, Report D-R-37, 10 December 1957. The first three Vanguard suborbital test flights had gone off without a hitch, starting in December 1956, and a launch was planned for late 1957. This was last mentioned by him in a speech he gave at Brooks AFB in San Antonio on the day before he was assassinated. That year saw a flurry of activity as different means of reaching the Moon were evaluated. There was no immediate response while everyone waited for Vanguard to launch, but the continued delays in Vanguard and the November launch of Sputnik II resulted in the go-ahead being given that month. I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. After the Sputnik launch, these efforts gained urgency and were quickly moved forward. [citation needed] Given that the Atlas was the higher priority of the two ICBM projects and its production was fully accounted for, ABMA focussed on "backup" design, Titan, although they proposed extending it in length in order to carry additional fuel. Instead, Titan C proposed building the new stage at a larger 160" diameter, meaning it would be an entirely new rocket. The ABMA team also left the design open to future expansion with a single 1,500,000Â lbf (6,700Â kN) engine, which would require relatively minor changes to the design. Building a smaller engine for clustered use would be a relatively low-risk path from existing systems, but required duplication of systems and made the possibility of a stage failure much higher (adding engines generally reduces reliability, as per Lusser's law).
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