6), • On Feb. 22, 2014, the Yutu lunar rover entered its 3rd Lunar night time hibernation period, but serious technical troubles persist Chinese space managers confirmed. For the final descent, the lander uses a Gamma-Ray Altimeter that provides precise altitude data to the vehicle. The system uses a combination of 150 N and 10 N thrusters. The Automatic Lunar Surface Exploring Vehicle (自动月面巡视器), commonly known as “Lunar Rover” (月球车), is a solar-powered, wheeled robotic vehicle that can propel itself across the lunar surface after landing. The Chinese used previous lander designs and knowledge on the properties of the lunar dust to develop a landing system that minimizes mass while maximizing stability. The Apollo 16 mission brought a far-UV telescope to the Moon for short-term observations, collecting nearly 200 images of quality that is considered very poor by today’s standards. Once the second stage is at a safe distance, the third stage ignites.
Eight of the 150N thrusters are oriented in an identical orientation for dV burns using all or a a number of those engines. RF communications: Use of X-band data transmission.
Chang’e – China’s Lunar Exploration Program. Details on the burn procedure have not been disclosed. The tilt stability of the rover depends on the height of its center of gravity. The vehicle is capable of autonomously navigating around, avoiding obstacles, selecting the most optimised routes and locations for exploration activities. Recent observations of the plasmasphere, however, are pointing to density irregularities caused by a number of processes.
Its surface is flat without any large impact craters and slopes of no more than 7 degrees with an average slope of 2.2 degrees.
The GPR features two channels: Channel I operates at 60 MHz - for probing the sub-surface geological features down to meter-level resolution with a maximum depth >100 m; Channel II operates at 500 MHz - for probing the lunar soil depth with a resolution of better than 30 cm up to a maximum depth of >30 m. The antennas can survive temperatures of -200 to+120ºC. Chang'e 3 landed on Mare Imbrium (Sea of Rains) just east of a 450 m diameter impact crater on 14 December 2013.
(LADEE inserted itself into lunar orbit in early October so that the combustion & outgassing products it introduced have largely dissipated when science operations start.). The camera is likely taking images all the way down to the surface as the lander makes its constant low velocity descent to an altitude of 4 meters for engine shutdown. On 28 December 2015, Chang'e 3 discovered a new type of basaltic rock, rich in ilmenite, a black mineral.
The Yutu rover was about 1.5 meters tall and has a mass of 120 kg with a 20 kg payload consisting of f… It features a mast that facilitates the vehicle’s stereo and navigation cameras and communication antenna, standing about 1.5 m tall.
This way, the rover is able to recognize obstacles and hazards that are automatically avoided.
A third TCM may be performed between the two maneuvers if deemed necessary by trajectory planners. It follows the success of the Chang'e-1 and Chang'e-2 missions in 2007 and 2010, respectively.
Each wheel has cleats that provide grip when driving through the fine lunar regolith. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere, the plasmapause, is characterized by a sudden drop in plasma density by the order of one magnitude. The EUV can operate between -25 and +75º C and has an ability to survive and operate in the highly variable thermal environment of the lunar surface.
10).
Chang’e 3 consisted of two parts: the lunar landing vehicle (known as the “Lander”) and the lunar surface exploring vehicle (known as the “Rover”).
The objective is to soft-land on the moon's surface and deploy an unmanned Lunar Rover to explore the areas surrounding the landing site.
The second phase of the China Lunar Exploration Programme (CLEP) saw a robotic probe Chang’e 3 soft-landing on the Moon, the first in nearly three decades since the Soviet Union’s Luna 24 mission in 1976. Landing is planned to occur on December 14 and is a complex 7-step sequence that delivers the 1,200 Kilogram lander & rover to the surface of Sinus Iridum. A number of Chinese papers and other sources explicitly mention an RTG.). Fully loaded with propellants & carrying the rover, the Chang’e 3 probe weighs approximately 3,700 to 3,780 Kilograms, limited by the capabilities of the Long March 3B launch vehicle. The lander is expected to perform a science mission of at least one year, while the rover is hoped to be operational for three months or longer to explore the lunar surface. Color (RGB), 2352 x 1728 detector, 22.9 x 16.9 FOV, spectral range 420-700 nm. The majority of power provided by the RTG is used for the heaters and a small fraction is used to sustain the lander’s Lunar Night Sleep Mode in which all systems expect for crucial control and housekeeping systems are shut down.
8) 9), • Jan. 26, 2014: Yutu has just suffered a significant mechanical setback right at the start of her 2nd lunar night, according to an official announcement from Chinese space officials made public this weekend. Chang’e 3 is equipped with a single main engine that was developed for the mission as China’s first throttlable engine for space applications.
The landing, nearly two weeks after blast-off, was the first of its kind since the former Soviet Union's mission in 1976.
21) 22), Figure 13: Photo of the moon's surface acquired on Dec. 14, 2013 during the lander descend; the picture was taken by the on-board camera of the lunar probe, and was displayed on the screen of the BACC in Beijing (image credit: Xinhua) 23).
And though the rover bit the lunar dust after 31 months on the surface, the mission lander is still operational, more than 2,400 days after landing, the Lunar Exploration and Space Program Center stated in early September. The objective of VNIS is to make in-situ measurements of the composition and resources of the lunar surface via imaging and spectrometry in the visible and near-infrared wavelengths (spectral range: 0.45-2.4 µm).
Propulsion subsystem: A number of requirements have been identified for the propulsion system of the Chang’e-3 lander. A team from the Aerospace Information Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have determined the age of the nearby Finsen crater to be about 3.5 billion years. The Chang’e 3 VIS/NIR Imaging Spectrometer has a field of view of 6 by 6 degrees for the visible spectrum and 3 by 3 degrees for the NIR band.
The output wavelength is a function of the RF frequency that is applied to the crystal which can be varied.
A two-phase loop design uses heat pipes that feature thermally conductive interfaces with a hot surface (the RTG) and cold equipment that needs to be warmed up.
The six-wheeled ‘Yutu’ rover, with a …
The spacecraft is starting out in a 15 by 100-Kilometer orbit with a carefully positioned periselene position.
Several Chinese sources have reported that the Rover carries Radioisotope Heater Units distributed throughout the vehicle to keep critical components at acceptable temperatures. Those methods include Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission and X-Ray Fluorescence. The legs are installed at a 30° angle to the lander structure. With lunar days and nights of 14 days, it is highly desirable to perform the landing early in the lunar day at the landing site so that the lander & rover could operate for the first two weeks of the mission in daylight. The mean height of the landing site is –2,990 meters. Three orbital corrections were required with the first taking place at 07:50 UTC on December 2, followed by a second at 08:20 UTC on December 3. LADEE studies the density, composition and spatial as well as temporal variability of the lunar exosphere to probe its origin and study its response to phenomena like solar wind. The vehicle features rockers on each side of the suspension system that are connected to each other and the rover chassis through a differential.
The first stage has a burn time of 146 seconds. The total launch mass of the lander and rover is about 3800 kg. Related: Chang'e 3 photos: China's 1st moon lander & rover mission.
It can climb slopes of up to 30 º and travel at 200 m/hour, according to the Shanghai Aerospace Systems Engineering Research Institute.
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