The derived word "Muhammad" is a passive participle of the form II version of the basic verb and it means "the praised one". [7] According to Islamic historian William Montgomery Watt there was a general disregard by guardians in taking care of weaker members of the tribes in Mecca during the 6th century, "Muhammad's guardians saw that he did not starve to death, but it was hard for them to do more for him, especially as the fortunes of the clan of Hashim seem to have been declining at that time. Converts to Islam came from nearly all Arab tribes in Medina; by June of the subsequent year, seventy-five Muslims came to Mecca for pilgrimage and to meet Muhammad. cf Ibn Ishaq, A. Guillaume p. 166, Apart from this one-day lapse, which was excised from the text, the Quran is simply unrelenting, unaccommodating and outright despising of paganism." [30] Another early history source is the history of Muhammad's campaigns by al-Waqidi (death 207 of Muslim era), and the work of his secretary Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi (death 230 of Muslim era). [16] Popular European literature of the time portrayed Muhammad as though he were worshipped by Muslims, similar to an idol or a heathen god. According to him, most of the Muslims returned to Mecca prior to Hijra, while a second group rejoined them in Medina. [163][164] In the years following the truce of Hudaybiyya, Muhammad directed his forces against the Arabs on Transjordanian Byzantine soil in the Battle of Mu'tah. [24], These revelations continued until his death twenty-three years later. [158], Negotiations commenced with emissaries traveling to and from Mecca. Muhammad, declared the existence of three Meccan goddesses and associated them as the daughters of Allah. [188][189][190], According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, Muhammad's death may be presumed to have been caused by Medinan fever exacerbated by physical and mental fatigue. "[208] Bernard Lewis says there are two important political traditions in Islam—Muhammad as a statesman in Medina, and Muhammad as a rebel in Mecca. His neck was like the neck of an ivory statue, with the purity of silver. Among Arabic odes to Muhammad, Qasidat al-Burda ("Poem of the Mantle") by the Egyptian Sufi al-Busiri (1211–1294) is particularly well-known, and widely held to possess a healing, spiritual power. [14][15] According to some sources, Khadijah's father, Khuwaylid bin Asad, whose sister was Muhammad's great grandmother,[16] was opposed to the idea of his affluent daughter marrying such an "insignificant youth." [16] The association of rain with mercy in Oriental countries has led to imagining Muhammad as a rain cloud dispensing blessings and stretching over lands, reviving the dead hearts, just as rain revives the seemingly dead earth (see, for example, the Sindhi poem of Shah ʿAbd al-Latif). [272] Illustrated accounts of the night journey (mi'raj) were particularly popular from the Ilkhanid period through the Safavid era. For instance, he said a white has no superiority over a black, nor a black any superiority over a white except by piety and good action. He was not allowed to be ransomed by their clans and was executed on Muhammad's orders. Economic reforms addressed the plight of the poor, which was becoming an issue in pre-Islamic Mecca. [16] Then Muhammad instituted brotherhood between the emigrants and the supporters and he chose Ali as his own brother. What are known as the "early revelation" were recorded in Mecca while Muhammad had only a few followers. [16], According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad's wife Khadija was the first to believe he was a prophet. 24, John Henry Haaren, Addison B. Poland (1904), p. 83. [72] The initial revelation was followed by a three-year pause (a period known as fatra) during which Muhammad felt depressed and further gave himself to prayers and spiritual practices. His hair reached beyond the lobe of his ear. The Khalifa then fled south and went into hiding with a few followers but was finally caught and killed by Sir Reginald Wingate's Egyptian column at Umm Diwaikarat in Kordofan on November 25, 1899. The rest of their property was claimed by Muhammad in the name of God as it was not gained with bloodshed. [11][81] Most Meccans ignored and mocked him, though a few became his followers. [16], Among the first things Muhammad did to ease the longstanding grievances among the tribes of Medina was to draft a document known as the Constitution of Medina, "establishing a kind of alliance or federation" among the eight Medinan tribes and Muslim emigrants from Mecca; this specified rights and duties of all citizens, and the relationship of the different communities in Medina (including the Muslim community to other communities, specifically the Jews and other "Peoples of the Book"). [16], The Meccans were eager to avenge their defeat. Once I saw him in a red cloak and I had never seen anyone more handsome than him. [145] After the coalition's retreat, the Muslims accused the Banu Qurayza of treachery and besieged them in their forts for 25 days. In the space of ten years he took twelve or thirteen wives and had several concubines: even the faithful were scandalized, and the prophet had to resort to alleged special revelations from God to justify his conduct. [67][68] Islamic tradition holds that during one of his visits to that cave, in the year 610 the angel Gabriel appeared to him and commanded Muhammad to recite verses that would be included in the Quran. Though outnumbered more than three times (one thousand to three hundred - majority of Muslim historians put the exact total at 313) in the battle, the Muslims met with success, killing at least seventy Meccans and taking seventy prisoners[39] for ransom; only fourteen Muslims died.
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